What is an Oppositelock?

"TheHondaBro" (wwaveform) 10/17/2016 at 11:37 • Filed to: None

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19

How many does the internet?

Why are we here?

What is our purpose?

Are we the most advanced species in the entire universe?

Are we the only advanced species in the entire universe?

Is there a god?

What does it mean to be on the internet?

Do we have free will?

Is the universe infinite?

What’s outside the universe?

Is time man-made?

Supreme Chancellor and Glorious Leader SaveTheIntegras > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:38

0

1. Murica

S65 > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:40

0

dude wtf

Bourbon&JellyBeans > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:41

0

All of them.

No reason in particular.

There is no inherent purpose.

No.*

No.*

No.

As opposed to what? In the Internet?

Free will, perception of free will, what’s the different really?

Probably not.

Who knows?

No, but the measurement of time is.

*Can’t be 100% certain, but in terms of probability, there’s less than a shadow of a chance.

For Sweden > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:42

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An Oppositelock is a holding room for to-be-banned users

TheHondaBro > For Sweden 10/17/2016 at 11:43

1

I always thought an Oppositelock is when you lock yourself inside your car.

TheHondaBro > Bourbon&JellyBeans 10/17/2016 at 11:43

0

good answers

TheHondaBro > S65 10/17/2016 at 11:43

0

hi

For Sweden > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:44

0

An Oppositelock is a Corvette

not for canada - australian in disguise > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:47

1

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TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 8 minutes ago


9


1

How many does the internet? Why are we here? What is our purpose? Are we the most advanced species in the entire universe? Are we the only advanced species in the entire universe? Is there a god? What does it mean to be on the internet? Do we have free will? Is the universe infinite? What’s outside the universe? Is time man-made?

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For Sweden


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:42am


An Oppositelock is a holding room for to-be-banned users





Reply TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro


For Sweden 10/17/16 11:43am


I always thought an Oppositelock is when you lock yourself inside your car.





Reply For Sweden


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:44am


An Oppositelock is a Corvette





Reply DidNotFinish


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:41am


All of them. No reason in particular. There is no inherent purpose. No.* No.* No. As opposed to what? In the Internet? Free will, perception of free will, what’s the different really? Probably not. Who knows? No, but the measurement of time is. *Can’t be 100% certain, but in terms of probability, there’s less than a shadow of a chance.





Reply TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro


DidNotFinish 10/17/16 11:43am


good answers





Reply S65-


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:40am


dude wtf





Reply TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro


S65- 10/17/16 11:43am


hi





Reply For My Birthday I got Sentenced to Life for Life


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:39am


...have some of (your own) Ken Bone-kin for your time:








Reply SaveTheIntegras is trying to buy a S2000


TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBro 10/17/16 11:38am


1. Murica





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Oppositelock · TheHondaBro is the new TheHondaBroI made a Ken Bone Jack-o-lantern Yesterday 6:34pm

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Convince me that the 2017 Hyundai Tucson is goodI’m not really sold on the idea of daily driving a Hyundai Tucson. Every auto pub out there from Car & Driver to right…Read on Oppositelock

The US 2017 Genesis G80 isn’t the “Real” Genesis G80It’s looking as if the US isn’t even getting the Korean-spec Genesis executive sedan, let alone the 365 hp G80 Sport…Read on Oppositelock

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TheHondaBro > not for canada - australian in disguise 10/17/2016 at 11:48

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flag Motto: A Mari Usque Ad Mare ( Latin )
(English: "From Sea to Sea") Anthem: " O Canada "
Royal anthem : " God Save the Queen " [1] Capital Ottawa
45°24N 75°40W Largest city Toronto Official languagesRecognised regional languages Ethnic groups Demonym Canadian Government Federal   parliamentary
representative democracy under
constitutional monarchy [2] • Monarch Elizabeth II • Governor General David Johnston • Prime Minister Justin Trudeau • Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin Legislature Parliament • Upper house Senate • Lower house House of Commons Establishment from the United Kingdom • Confederation July 1, 1867 • Statute of Westminster December 11, 1931 • Patriation April 17, 1982 Area • Total9,984,670 km 2 ( 2nd )
3,854,085 sq mi • Water (%)8.92 (891,163 km 2 / 344,080 mi 2 ) Population • Q2 2016 estimate36,286,425 [3] ( 37th ) • 2011 census33,476,688 [4] • Density3.41/km 2 ( 228th )
8.3/sq mi GDP ( PPP )2016 estimate • Total$1.672 trillion [5] ( 15th ) • Per capita$46,199 [5] ( 20th ) GDP (nominal)2016 estimate • Total$1.462 trillion [5] ( 10th ) • Per capita$40,409 [5] ( 15th ) Gini (2010)33.7 [6]
medium ·   110th [7] HDI (2014) 0.913 [8]
very high ·   9th Currency Canadian dollar ($) ( CAD )Time zone( UTC 3.5 to 8) • Summer ( DST ) ( UTC 2.5 to 7)Date format Drives on the right Calling code +1 ISO 3166 code CA Internet TLD .ca Name Province PopulationNameProvincePopulation Toronto Ontario 5,583,064 London Ontario 474,786 Montreal Quebec 3,824,221 St. Catharines – Niagara Ontario 392,184 Vancouver British Columbia 2,313,328 Halifax Nova Scotia 390,328 Ottawa – Gatineau Ontario – Quebec 1,236,324 Oshawa Ontario 356,177 Calgary Alberta 1,214,839 Victoria British Columbia 344,615 Edmonton Alberta 1,159,869 Windsor Ontario 319,246 Quebec Quebec 765,706 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 260,600 Winnipeg Manitoba 730,018 Regina Saskatchewan 210,556 Hamilton Ontario 721,053 Sherbrooke Quebec 201,890 Kitchener – Cambridge – Waterloo Ontario 477,160 St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador 196,966 Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity

For other uses, see Canada (disambiguation) .

Coordinates : 60°N 95°W

Canada

English French

Chipewyan Cree Gwich’in Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Inuvialuktun North Slavey South Slavey Tch

76.7% European 14.2% Asian 4.3% Aboriginal 2.9% Black 1.2% Latin American 0.5% multiracial 0.3% other

dd-mm-yyyy mm-dd-yyyy yyyy-mm-dd ( CE )

Canada ( i /kænd/ ; French : [ka.na.da] ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world’s second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area . Canada’s border with the United States is the world’s longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . About four-fifths of the country’s population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa , its largest metropolis is Toronto ; other major urban areas include Montreal , Vancouver , Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton .

Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples . Beginning in the 16th century, British and French claims were made on the area, with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1537. As a consequence of various conflicts , the United Kingdom gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left, in the late 18th century, with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today. Pursuant to the British North America Act , on July 1, 1867, the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia   joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada. This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada.

In 1931, Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , and full sovereignty was attained when the Canada Act 1982 removed the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Canada is a federal   parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. It is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada’s long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.

Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G8 , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.

Contents 1Etymology 2History 2.1Aboriginal peoples 2.2European colonization 2.3Confederation and expansion 2.4Early 20th century 2.5Modern times 3Geography and climate 4Government and politics 4.1Law 4.2Foreign relations and military 4.3Provinces and territories 5Economy 5.1Science and technology 6Demographics 6.1Education 6.2Ethnicity 6.3Religion 6.4Languages 7Culture 7.1Symbols 7.2Literature 7.3Visual arts 7.4Music 7.5Sport 8See also 9References 10Further reading 11External links

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Main article: Name of Canada

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of Canada , the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata , meaning “village” or “settlement”. [9] In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona . [10] Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); [10] by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the St Lawrence River as Canada . [10]

From the 16th to the early 18th century “ Canada ” referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River . [11] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas ; until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. [12] Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country’s title. [13] The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act , which refers only to Canada . Later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day . [14] The term Dominion is also used to distinguish the federal government from the provinces, though after the Second World War the term federal had replaced dominion . [15]

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Main article: History of Canada

See also: Timeline of Canadian history and List of years in Canada

Further information: Historiography of Canada

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Linguistic areas of North American Indigenous peoples at the time of European contact.

Aboriginal peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations , Inuit , and Métis , [16] the latter being a mixed-blood people who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations and Inuit people married European settlers. [16] The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge [17] and arrived at least 15,000 years ago, though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival. [18] The Paleo-Indian archeological sites at Old Crow Flats and Bluefish Caves are two of the oldest sites of human habitation in Canada. [19] [20] The characteristics of Canadian Aboriginal societies included permanent settlements, agriculture, complex societal hierarchies, and trading networks. [21] [22] Some of these cultures had collapsed by the time European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have only been discovered through archeological investigations. [23]

The Aboriginal population at the time of the first European settlements is estimated to have been between 200,000 [24] and two million, [25] with a figure of 500,000 accepted by Canada’s Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . [26] As a consequence of contact with European diseases, Canada’s Aboriginal peoples suffered from repeated outbreaks of newly introduced infectious diseases, such as influenza , measles , and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity), resulting in a forty to eighty percent population decrease in the centuries after the European arrival. [24] [27]

Although not without conflict, European Canadians ’ early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful. [28]   The Crown and Aboriginal peoples began interactions during the European colonialization period, though, the Inuit, in general, had more limited interaction with European settlers. [29] From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture. [30] These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration and relocations . [31] A period of redress is underway, which started with the appointment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada by the Canadian government. [32]

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The first known attempt at European colonization began when Norsemen settled briefly at L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 AD. [33] No further European exploration occurred until 1497, when Italian seafarer John Cabot explored and claimed Canada’s Atlantic coast in the name of King Henry VII of England . [34] [35] Then Basque and Portuguese mariners established seasonal whaling and fishing outposts along the Atlantic coast in the early 16th century. [36] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Saint Lawrence River , where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33 ft) cross bearing the words “Long Live the King of France” and took possession of the territory (known as the colony of Canada ) in the name of King Francis I . [37] In general the settlements appear to have been short-lived, possibly due to the similarity of outputs producible in Scandinavia and northern Canada and the problems of navigating trade routes at that time. [38]

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert , by the royal prerogative of Queen Elizabeth I , founded St. John’s, Newfoundland , as the first North American English colony . [39] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). [40] Among the colonists of New France , Canadiens extensively settled the Saint Lawrence River valley and Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes , while fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes , Hudson Bay , and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana . [41] The Beaver Wars broke out in the mid-17th century over control of the North American fur trade . [42]

Benjamin West ’s The Death of General Wolfe (1771) dramatizes James Wolfe ’s death during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec

The English established additional colonies in Cupids and Ferryland , Newfoundland , beginning in 1610. [43] The Thirteen Colonies to the south were founded soon after. [36] A series of four wars erupted in colonial North America between 1689 and 1763; the later wars of the period constituted the North American theatre of the Seven Years’ War . [44] Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and the 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain after the Seven Years’ War. [45]

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 created the Province of Quebec out of New France, and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. [14] St. John’s Island (now Prince Edward Island ) became a separate colony in 1769. [46] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British parliament passed the Quebec Act of 1774, expanding Quebec’s territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley . [47] It re-established the French language , Catholic faith , and French civil law there. This angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, fuelling anti-British sentiment in the years prior to the 1775 outbreak of the American Revolution . [14]

The 1783 Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded the newly added territories south (but not north) of the Great Lakes to the new United States. [48]   New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada (later Quebec ) and English-speaking Upper Canada (later Ontario ), granting each its own elected legislative assembly. [49]

A copy of Robert Harris ’s Fathers of Confederation (1884), an amalgamation of the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences of 1864

The Canadas were the main front in the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. Peace came in 1815; no boundaries were changed. Immigration now resumed at a higher level, with over 960,000 arrivals from Britain 1815-50. [50] New arrivals included Irish refugees escaping the Great Irish Famine as well as Gaelic -speaking Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances . [51] Infectious diseases killed between 25 and 33 per cent of Europeans who immigrated to Canada before 1891. [24]

The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837 . The Durham Report subsequently recommended responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into English culture. [14] The Act of Union 1840 merged the Canadas into a united Province of Canada and responsible government was established for all provinces of British North America by 1849. [52] The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute , extending the border westward along the 49th parallel . This paved the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858) . [53]

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An animated map showing the growth and change of Canada’s provinces and territories since Confederation in 1867

Following several constitutional conferences, the 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, initially with four provinces: Ontario , Quebec, Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick . [54] [55] Canada assumed control of Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories , where the Métis’ grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July 1870. [56] British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had been united in 1866) joined the confederation in 1871, while Prince Edward Island joined in 1873. [57]

The Canadian parliament passed a bill introduced by the Conservative   Cabinet that established a National Policy of tariffs to protect the nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. [55] To open the West, parliament also approved sponsoring the construction of three transcontinental railways (including the Canadian Pacific Railway ), opening the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act , and establishing the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. [58] [59] In 1898, during the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, parliament created the Yukon Territory. The Cabinet of Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier fostered continental European immigrants settling the prairies and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. [57]

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Canadian soldiers and a Mark II tank at the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917

Because Britain still maintained control of Canada’s foreign affairs under the Confederation Act, its declaration of war in 1914 automatically brought Canada into World War I . [60] Volunteers sent to the Western Front later became part of the Canadian Corps , which played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge and other major engagements of the war. [61] Out of approximately 625,000 Canadians who served in World War I , some 60,000 were killed and another 172,000 were wounded. [62] The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when the Unionist Cabinet’s proposal to augment the military’s dwindling number of active members with conscription was met with vehement objections from French-speaking Quebecers. [63] The Military Service Act brought in compulsory military service, though it, coupled with disputes over French language schools outside Quebec, deeply alienated Francophone Canadians and temporarily split the Liberal Party. [63] In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain, [61] and the 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada’s independence. [2]

Canadian crew of a Sherman tank, south of Vaucelles , France, during the battle of Normandy in June 1944

The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country. [64] In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas ) in the 1940s and 1950s. [65] On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939 by King George VI , seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada’s independence. [61]

The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. In all, over a million Canadians served in the armed forces during World War II and approximately 42,000 were killed and another 55,000 were wounded. [66] Canadian troops played important roles in many key battles of the war, including the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid , the Allied invasion of Italy , the Normandy landings , the Battle of Normandy , and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. [61] Canada provided asylum for the Dutch monarchy while that country was occupied and is credited by the Netherlands for major contributions to its liberation from Nazi Germany . [67] The Canadian economy boomed during the war as its industries manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union . [61] Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec in 1944, Canada finished the war with a large army and strong economy. [68]

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The financial crisis of the great depression had led the Dominion of Newfoundland to relinquish responsible government in 1934 and become a crown colony ruled by a British governor. After two bitter referendums , Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province. [69]

At Rideau Hall , Governor General the Viscount Alexander of Tunis (centre) receives the bill finalizing the union of Newfoundland and Canada on March 31, 1949

Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity , marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965, [70] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969, [71] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971. [72]   Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare , the Canada Pension Plan , and Canada Student Loans , though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions. [73] Finally, another series of constitutional conferences resulted in the 1982 patriation of Canada’s constitution from the United Kingdom, concurrent with the creation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . [74] In 1999, Nunavut became Canada’s third territory after a series of negotiations with the federal government. [75]

At the same time, Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes through the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, giving birth to a modern nationalist movement. The radical Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis with a series of bombings and kidnappings in 1970 [76] and the sovereignist   Parti Québécois was elected in 1976, organizing an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. [77] This led to the formation of the Bloc Québécois in Quebec and the invigoration of the Reform Party of Canada in the West . [78] [79] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. [80] In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation. [77]

In addition to the issues of Quebec sovereignty, a number of crises shook Canadian society in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These included the explosion of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, the largest mass murder in Canadian history; [81] the École Polytechnique massacre in 1989, a university shooting targeting female students; [82] and the Oka Crisis of 1990, [83] the first of a number of violent confrontations between the government and Aboriginal groups. [84] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a US-led coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia . [85]

Canada sent troops to Afghanistan in 2001 , but declined to join the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . [86] In 2009, Canada’s economy suffered in the worldwide Great Recession , but it has since largely rebounded. [87] [88] In 2011, Canadian forces participated in the NATO-led intervention into the Libyan civil war , [89] and also became involved in battling the Islamic State insurgency in Iraq in the mid-2010s. [90]

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Main articles: Geography of Canada and Climate of Canada

Canada occupies much of the continent of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south, and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. [91]   Greenland is to the northeast. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. By land area alone, however, Canada ranks fourth , the difference being due to it having the worlds largest proportion of fresh water lakes. [92]

Köppen climate types of Canada

Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude , [93] but this claim is not universally recognized. Canada is home to the world’s northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert , on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies 817 kilometres (508 mi) from the North Pole. [94] Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost . Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 243,042 kilometres (151,019 mi); [95] additionally, its border with the United States is the world’s longest land border, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi). [96]

Since the end of the last glacial period , Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield. [97] Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes (563 greater than 100 km 2 (39 sq mi)), more than any other country, containing much of the world’s fresh water . [98] [99] There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains .

Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley , and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex . [100] The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada’s worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga’a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia. The eruption produced a 22.5-kilometre (14.0 mi) lava flow, and, according to Nisga’a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River. [101] Canada’s population density, at 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5/sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor , situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. [102]

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate , where daily average temperatures are near 15 ° C (5 ° F ), but can drop below 40 °C (40 °F) with severe wind chills . [103] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). [104]

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Main articles: Government of Canada and Politics of Canada

Parliament Hill in Canada’s capital city, Ottawa

Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional monarchy , the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the executive, legislative , and judicial branches. [105] [106] [107] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II , who is also monarch of 15 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada’s 10 provinces. As such, the Queen’s representative, the Governor General of Canada (at present David Johnston ), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada. [108] [109]

The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of governance is limited. [107] [110] [111] In practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet , a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the Prime Minister of Canada (at present Justin Trudeau ), [112] the head of government . The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis situations exercise their power without ministerial advice . [110] To ensure the stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons. [113] The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the governor general, lieutenant governors , senators, federal court judges, and heads of Crown corporations and government agencies. [110] The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. [114]

The Senate chamber within the Centre Block on Parliament Hill

Each of the 338 members of parliament in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district or riding. General elections must be called by the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister, or if the government loses a confidence vote in the House. [115] [116] Constitutionally, an election may be held no more than five years after the preceding election, although the Canada Elections Act currently limits this to four years with a fixed election date in October. The 105 members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, serve until age 75. [117] Five parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2015 election: the Liberal Party of Canada who currently form the government, the Conservative Party of Canada who are the Official Opposition , the New Democratic Party , the Bloc Québécois , and the Green Party of Canada . The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.

Canada’s federal structure divides government responsibilities between the federal government and the ten provinces. Provincial legislatures are unicameral and operate in parliamentary fashion similar to the House of Commons. [111] Canada’s three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces. [118] The territorial legislatures also differ structurally from their provincial counterparts. [119]

The Bank of Canada is the central bank of the country. [120] In addition, the Minister of Finance and Minister of Industry utilize the Statistics Canada agency for financial planning and economic policy development. [121] The Bank of Canada is the sole authority authorized to issue currency in the form of Canadian bank notes . [122] The bank does not issue Canadian coins ; they are issued by the Royal Canadian Mint . [123]

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Main article: Law of Canada

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments. The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy and the Constitution Act, 1982 , ended all legislative ties to the UK, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years. [124]

The Indian Chiefs Medal, presented to commemorate the Numbered Treaties of 1871–1921

The Indian Act , various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and native peoples. [125] Most notably, a series of eleven treaties known as the Numbered Treaties were signed between Aboriginals in Canada and the reigning Monarch of Canada between 1871 and 1921. [126] These treaties are agreements with the Canadian Crown-in-Council , administered by Canadian Aboriginal law , and overseen by the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development . The role of the treaties and the rights they support were reaffirmed by Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982 . [125] These rights may include provision of services, such as health care, and exemption from taxation. [127] The legal and policy framework within which Canada and First Nations operate was further formalized in 2005, through the First Nations–Federal Crown Political Accord. [125]

The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill

Canada’s judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down Acts of Parliament that violate the constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and has been led since 2000 by the Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin (the first female Chief Justice). [128] Its nine members are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with nongovernmental legal bodies. The federal Cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts in the provincial and territorial jurisdictions. [129]

Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. [130] Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is officially a provincial responsibility, conducted by provincial and municipal police forces. [131] However, in most rural areas and some urban areas, policing responsibilities are contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police . [132]

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Main articles: Foreign relations of Canada and Military history of Canada

Trudeau meeting with Barack Obama at White House for an official visit in March 2016. [133]

Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. [134] Canada’s foreign policy based on international peacekeeping and security is carried out through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions. [135]   Canada’s peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its global image. [136] The strategy of the Canadian government’s foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the Millennium Development Goals , while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. [137]

Canada was a founding member of the United Nations and has membership in the World Trade Organization , the G20 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). [134] Canada is also a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs. [138] Canada acceded to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1976. [139] Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in 2000 and the 3rd Summit of the Americas in 2001. [140] Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC). [141]

Canada and the United States share the world’s longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other’s largest trading partner. [142] [143] Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba since, and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq . [144] Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada’s membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie . [145] Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands , owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II . [67]

The Canadian Delegation to the United Nations Conference on International Organization , San Francisco, May 1945.

Canada’s strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War , World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. [146] [147] During the Cold War , Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. [148]

During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force , for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize . [149] As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept. [150] Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, [61] and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda , the former Yugoslavia , and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair . [151]

Soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards in Kandahar Province in Afghanistan, pictured, fought with Dutch soldiers against Afghan insurgents .

In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force . [152] In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway , and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them. [153] In August 2007, Canada’s territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole ; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925. [154]

Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 92,000 active personnel and approximately 51,000 reserve personnel. [155] The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army , Royal Canadian Navy , and Royal Canadian Air Force . In 2013, Canada’s military expenditure totalled approximately C$19 billion, or around 1% of the country’s GDP. [156] [157]

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Main article: Provinces and territories of Canada

See also: Canadian federalism

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories . In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions : Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada , and Northern Canada ( Eastern Canada refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together). Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care , education , and welfare . [158] Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act ; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces. [159]

A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.

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Main articles: Economy of Canada and Economic history of Canada

Nations that have Free Trade Agreements with Canada as of 2014are in dark blue, while nations in negotiations are in cyan. Canada is green.

Canada is the world’s eleventh-largest economy as of 2015, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$1.79 trillion. [160] It is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Group of Eight (G8), and is one of the world’s top ten trading nations , with a highly globalized economy. [161] [162] Canada is a mixed economy , ranking above the US and most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation ’s index of economic freedom, [163] and experiencing a relatively low level of income disparity . [164] The country’s average household disposable income per capita is over US$23,900, higher than the OECD average. [165] Furthermore, the Toronto Stock Exchange is the seventh largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization , listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$2 trillion as of 2015. [166]

In 2014, Canada’s exports totalled over C$528 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $523 billion, of which approximately $349 billion originated from the United States, $49 billion from the European Union, and $35 billion from China. [167] The country’s 2014 trade surplus totalled C$5.1 billion, compared with a C$46.9 billion surplus in 2008. [168] [169]

Since the early 20th century, the growth of Canada’s manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy to an urbanized, industrial one. Like many other developed nations , the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry , which employs about three-quarters of the country’s workforce. [170] However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector , in which the forestry and petroleum industries are two of the most prominent components. [171]

Tree-map of Canada’s goods exports in 2014. [172]

Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. [173] Atlantic Canada possesses vast offshore deposits of natural gas, and Alberta also hosts large oil and gas resources. The vastness of the Athabasca oil sands and other assets results in Canada having a 13% share of global oil reserves , comprising the world’s third-largest share after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia . [174] Canada is additionally one of the world’s largest suppliers of agricultural products; the Canadian Prairies are one of the most important global producers of wheat, canola , and other grains. [175] Canada’s Ministry of Natural Resources provides statistics regarding its major exports; the country is a leading exporter of zinc , uranium , gold , nickel , aluminum , steel , iron ore , coking coal and lead . [176] Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustainable because of nearby mines or sources of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries. [177]

Canada’s economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II . [178] The Automotive Products Trade Agreement of 1965 opened Canada’s borders to trade in the automobile manufacturing industry. In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau ’s Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA). [179] In the 1980s, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney ’s Progressive Conservatives abolished the NEP and changed the name of FIRA to Investment Canada , to encourage foreign investment. [180] The Canada – United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994. [175] In the mid-1990s, Jean Chrétien ’s Liberal government began to post annual budgetary surpluses, and steadily paid down the national debt. [181]

The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession , which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada. [182] By October 2009, Canada’s national unemployment rate had reached 8.6 percent, with provincial unemployment rates varying from a low of 5.8 percent in Manitoba to a high of 17 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador. [183] Between October 2008 and October 2010, the Canadian labour market lost 162,000 full-time jobs and a total of 224,000 permanent jobs. [184]   Canada’s federal debt was estimated to total $566.7 billion for the fiscal year 2010–11, up from $463.7 billion in 2008–09. [185] In addition, Canada’s net foreign debt rose by $41 billion to $194 billion in the first quarter of 2010. [186] However, Canada’s regulated banking sector (comparatively conservative among G8 nations), the federal government’s pre-crisis budgetary surpluses, and its long-term policies of lowering the national debt, resulted in a less severe recession compared to other G8 nations. [187] As of 2015, the Canadian economy has largely stabilized and has seen a modest return to growth, although the country remains troubled by volatile oil prices, sensitivity to the Eurozone crisis and higher-than-normal unemployment rates. [188] [189] The federal government and many Canadian industries have also started to expand trade with emerging Asian markets, in an attempt to diversify exports; Asia is now Canada’s second-largest export market after the United States. [190] [191]   Widely debated oil pipeline proposals , in particular, are hoped to increase exports of Canadian oil reserves to China. [192] [193]

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Main articles: Science and technology in Canada and Telecommunications in Canada

The Canadarm robotic manipulator in action on Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-116 mission in 2006.

In 2012, Canada spent approximately C$31.3 billion on domestic research and development , of which around $7 billion was provided by the federal and provincial governments. [194] As of 2015, the country has produced thirteen Nobel laureates in physics , chemistry , and medicine , [195] [196] and was ranked fourth worldwide for scientific research quality in a major 2012 survey of international scientists. [197] It is furthermore home to the headquarters of a number of global technology firms. [198] Canada has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world , with over 33 million users, equivalent to around 94 percent of its total 2014 population. [199]

The Canadian Space Agency operates a highly active space program , conducting deep-space, planetary, and aviation research, and developing rockets and satellites. Canada was the third country to launch a satellite into space after the USSR and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch. [200] In 1984, Marc Garneau became Canada’s first male astronaut. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics , having constructed the Canadarm , Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA’s Space Shuttle . Since the 1960s, Canada’s aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2 , ISIS and MOST . [201] Canada has also produced one of the world’s most successful and widely used sounding rockets , the Black Brant ; over 1,000 Black Brants have been launched since the rocket’s introduction in 1961. [202]

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Main article: Demographics of Canada

The 2011 Canadian census counted a total population of 33,476,688, an increase of around 5.9 percent over the 2006 figure. [203] By December 2012, Statistics Canada reported a population of over 35 million, signifying the fastest growth rate of any G8 nation . [204] Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. [205] The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. [206] Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world , [207] driven mainly by economic policy and, to a lesser extent family reunification . [208] [209] The Canadian public as-well as the major political parties support the current level of immigration. [208] [210] [211] In 2010, a record 280,636 people immigrated to Canada. [212] The Canadian government anticipated between 280,000 and 305,000 new permanent residents in 2016, [213] a similar number of immigrants as in recent years. [214] New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas such as Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . [215] Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees , [216] accounting for over 10 percent of annual global refugee resettlements . [217]

Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population ( 2011 Census ) view talk edit

The Quebec City–Windsor Corridor is the most densely populated and heavily industrialized region of Canada, spanning approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 miles). [102]

About four-fifths of the population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the contiguous United States border. [218] Approximately 50 percent of Canadians live in urban areas concentrated along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor , [219] with an additional 30 percent living along the British Columbia Lower Mainland , and the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor in Alberta. [220] Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95% of the population is found below the 55th parallel north. [219] In common with many other developed countries, Canada is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2006, the average age was 39.5 years; [221] by 2011, it had risen to approximately 39.9 years. [222] As of 2013, the average life expectancy for Canadians is 81 years. [223] The majority of Canadians (69.9%) live in family households, 26.8% report living alone, and those living with unrelated persons reported at 3.7%. [224] The average size of a household in 2006 was 2.5 people. [224]

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Main article: Education in Canada

According to a 2012 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Canada is the most educated country in the world; [225] the country ranks first worldwide in the number of adults having tertiary education , with 51 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree. [225] Canada spends about 5.3% of its GDP on education. [226] The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than 20 000 USD per student). [227] As of 2014, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent. [165]

Since the adoption of section 23 of the Constitution Act, 1982, education in both English and French has been available in most places across Canada. [228] Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education provision . [229] The mandatory school age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years, [230] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. [91] In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent. [231] The Programme for International Student Assessment indicates that Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading. [232] [233]

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Main article: Canadians

Self-reported ethnic origins of Canadians (as per 2011 census data) [234] European (76.7%) Asian (14.2%) Aboriginal (4.3%) Black (2.9%) Latin American (1.2%) Multiracial (0.5%) Other (0.3%)

According to the 2006 census , the country’s largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (accounting for 32% of the population), followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), First Nations (4.0%), Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (3.3%). [235] There are 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands , encompassing a total of 1,172,790 people. [236] Canada’s Aboriginal population is growing at almost twice the national rate, and four percent of Canada’s population claimed Aboriginal identity in 2006. Another 16.2 percent of the population belonged to a non-Aboriginal visible minority . [237] In 2006, the largest visible minority groups were South Asian (4.0%), Chinese (3.9%) and Black (2.5%). Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2 percent. [238] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada’s population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups. [239] By 2007, almost one in five (19.8%) were foreign-born, with nearly 60 percent of new immigrants coming from Asia (including the Middle East). [240] The leading sources of immigrants to Canada were China, the Philippines and India. [241] According to Statistics Canada, visible minority groups could account for a third of the Canadian population by 2031. [242]

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Main article: Religion in Canada

Canada is religiously diverse, encompassing a wide range of beliefs and customs. Canada has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism . [243]   Freedom of religion in Canada is a constitutionally protected right, allowing individuals to assemble and worship without limitation or interference. [244] The practice of religion is now generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. [245] With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life, [246] Canada has become a post-Christian , secular state. [247] [248] [249] [250] The majority of Canadians consider religion to be unimportant in their daily lives, [251] but still believe in God. [252] According to the 2011 census, 67.3% of Canadians identify as Christian; of these, Roman Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 38.7% of the population. The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (accounting for 6.1% of Canadians), followed by Anglicans (5.0%), and Baptists (1.9%). [253] Secularization has been growing since the 1960s. [254] [255] In 2011, 23.9% declared no religious affiliation , compared to 16.5% in 2001. [256] The remaining 8.8% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%) and Hinduism (1.5%). [253]

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Main article: Languages of Canada

Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak English and/or French. [257] English – 56.9% English and French (Bilingual) – 16.1% French – 21.3% Sparsely populated area (   < 0.4 persons per km 2 )

A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and French (the official languages ) being the mother tongues of approximately 60% and 20% of Canadians respectively. [258] Nearly 6.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue. [259] Some of the most common non-official first languages include Chinese (mainly Cantonese ; 1,072,555 first-language speakers), Punjabi (430,705), Spanish (410,670), German (409,200), and Italian (407,490). [260] Canada’s federal government practices official bilingualism , which is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages in consonance with Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Federal Official Languages Act English and French have equal status in federal courts, parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French and official- language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories. [261]

The 1977 Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec. [262] Although more than 85 percent of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, there are substantial Francophone populations in New Brunswick , Alberta , and Manitoba ; Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec. [263] New Brunswick, the only officially bilingual province, has a French-speaking Acadian minority constituting 33 percent of the population. [264] There are also clusters of Acadians in southwestern Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Island, and through central and western Prince Edward Island. [265]

Other provinces have no official languages as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and for other government services, in addition to English. Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages. In Ontario, French has some legal status, but is not fully co-official. [266] There are 11 Aboriginal language groups , composed of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects. [267] Of these, only the Cree , Inuktitut and Ojibway languages have a large enough population of fluent speakers to be considered viable to survive in the long term . [268] Several Aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories. [269] Inuktitut is the majority language in Nunavut, and is one of three official languages in the territory. [270]

Additionally, Canada is home to many sign languages , two of which are Indigenous. American Sign Language (ASL), is spoken across the country due to the prevalence of ASL in primary and secondary schools. [271]   Quebec Sign Language (LSQ), is spoken primarily in Quebec, however there are sizeable population centres in francophone communities in New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba; due to its historical relation to the francophone culture. [272]   Plains Sign Talk was the most widespread language in North America prior to colonization, spoken across the Prairies by a number of First Nations. [273]   Inuit Uukturausingit is used by Inuit in Nunavut. [274]   Maritime Sign Language was used in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island before ASL became available in the mid-20th century. [275]

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Main article: Culture of Canada

Bill Reid ’s 1980 sculpture Raven and The First Men . The Raven is a figure common to many of Canada’s Aboriginal mythologies

Canada’s culture draws influences from its broad range of constituent nationalities, and policies that promote a “ just society ” are constitutionally protected. [276] [277] Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people. [278]   Multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada’s significant accomplishments, [279] and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity . [280] [281] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many commentators speak of a culture of Quebec that is distinct from English Canadian culture. [282] However, as a whole, Canada is in theory a cultural mosaic —a collection of several regional, Aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures. [283]

Canada’s approach to governance emphasizing multiculturalism, which is based on selective immigration , social integration , and suppression of far right politics, has wide public support. [284] Government policies such as publicly funded health care , higher taxation to redistribute wealth , the outlawing of capital punishment , strong efforts to eliminate poverty , strict gun control , and the legalization of same-sex marriage are further social indicators of Canada’s political and cultural values. [285] Canadians also identify with the country’s health care institutions, peacekeeping , the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . [280] [286]

Historically, Canada has been influenced by British , French , and Aboriginal cultures and traditions. Through their language, art and music , Aboriginal peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity. [287] During the 20th century Canadians with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture. [288]   Canadian humour is an integral part of the Canadian Identity and is reflected in its folklore , literature, music, art and media. The primary characteristics of Canadian humour are irony, parody, and satire. [289] Many Canadian comedians have archived international success in the American TV and film industries and are amongst the most recognized in the world. [290]

Canada has a well-developed media sector , but its cultural output; particularly in English films , television shows , and magazines , is often overshadowed by imports from the United States. [291] As a result, the preservation of a distinctly Canadian culture is supported by federal government programs, laws, and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). [292]

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Main article: National symbols of Canada

The mother beaver [293] on the Canadian parliament’s Peace Tower . The five flowers on the shield each represent an ethnicity: Tudor rose : English ; Fleur de lis : French ; thistle : Scots ; shamrock : Irish ; and leek : Welsh .

Canada’s national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Aboriginal sources. The use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates to the early 18th century. The maple leaf is depicted on Canada’s current and previous flags , and on the Arms of Canada . [294] The Arms of Canada is closely modelled after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version. [295] The Great Seal of Canada is a governmental seal used for purposes of state, being set on letters patent , proclamations and commissions, for representatives of the Queen and for the appointment of cabinet ministers , lieutenant governors , senators, and judges. [296] [297] Other prominent symbols include the beaver , Canada goose , common loon , the Crown, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, [294] and more recently, the totem pole and Inuksuk . [298]   Canadian coins feature many of these symbols: the loon on the $1 coin , the Arms of Canada on the 50¢ piece , the beaver on the nickel . [299] The penny , removed from circulation in 2013, featured the maple leaf. [300] The Queen’ s image appears on $20 bank notes , and on the obverse of all current Canadian coins. [299]

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Main article: Canadian literature

Canadian literature is often divided into French- and English-language literatures, which are rooted in the literary traditions of France and Britain, respectively. [301] There are four major themes that can be found within historical Canadian literature; nature, frontier life, Canada’s position within the world, all three of which tie into the garrison mentality . [302] By the 1990s, Canadian literature was viewed as some of the world’s best. [303] Canada’s ethnic and cultural diversity are reflected in its literature, with many of its most prominent modern writers focusing on ethnic life. [304] Arguably, the best-known living Canadian writer internationally (especially since the deaths of Robertson Davies and Mordecai Richler ) is Margaret Atwood , a prolific novelist, poet, and literary critic. [305] Numerous other Canadian authors have accumulated international literary awards; [306] including Nobel Laureate   Alice Munro , who has been called the best living writer of short stories in English; [307] and Booker Prize recipient Michael Ondaatje , who is perhaps best known for the novel The English Patient , which was adapted as a film of the same name that won the Academy Award for Best Picture . [308]

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Main article: Canadian art

The Jack Pine by Tom Thomson . Oil on canvas, 1916, in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada

Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as Tom Thomson – the country’s most famous painter – and by the Group of Seven . [309] Thomson’s career painting Canadian landscapes spanned a decade up to his death in 1917 at age 39. [310] The Group were painters with a nationalistic and idealistic focus, who first exhibited their distinctive works in May 1920. Though referred to as having seven members, five artists— Lawren Harris , A. Y. Jackson , Arthur Lismer , J. E. H. MacDonald , and Frederick Varley —were responsible for articulating the Group’s ideas. They were joined briefly by Frank Johnston , and by commercial artist Franklin Carmichael . A. J. Casson became part of the Group in 1926. [311] Associated with the Group was another prominent Canadian artist, Emily Carr , known for her landscapes and portrayals of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast . [312] Since the 1950s, works of Inuit art have been given as gifts to foreign dignitaries by the Canadian government. [313]

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Main article: Music of Canada

The Canadian music industry is the sixth largest in the world producing internationally renowned composers , musicians and ensembles . [314] Music broadcasting in the country is regulated by the CRTC. [315] The Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences presents Canada’s music industry awards, the Juno Awards , which were first awarded in 1970. [316] The Canadian Music Hall of Fame established in 1976 honours Canadian musicians for their lifetime achievements. [317]   Patriotic music in Canada dates back over 200 years as a distinct category from British patriotism, preceding the first legal steps to independence by over 50 years. The earliest, The Bold Canadian , was written in 1812. [318] The national anthem of Canada, “ O Canada ”, was originally commissioned by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec , the Honourable Théodore Robitaille , for the 1880 St. Jean-Baptiste Day ceremony, and was officially adopted in 1980. [319]   Calixa Lavallée wrote the music, which was a setting of a patriotic poem composed by the poet and judge Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier . The text was originally only in French, before it was translated to English in 1906. [320]

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Main articles: Sport in Canada and History of Canadian sports

Canada’s ice hockey victory at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver

The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s. [321] Canada’s official national sports are ice hockey and lacrosse . [322] Seven of Canada’s eight largest metropolitan areas – Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Winnipeg – have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL) while Quebec City had the Quebec Nordiques until they relocated to Colorado in 1995. Canada does have one Major League Baseball team, the Toronto Blue Jays , one professional basketball team, the Toronto Raptors , three Major League Soccer teams and four National Lacrosse League teams. Canada has participated in almost every Olympic Games since its Olympic debut in 1900 , and has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, the 1994 Basketball World Championship , the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup , the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia and the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup . [323] Other popular and professional spectator sports in Canada include curling , Canadian football and rugby league ; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and League 1 ( Toronto Wolfpack ). Golf , tennis , baseball , skiing , cricket , volleyball , rugby union , Australian Rules Football , soccer and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not widespread.

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Canada and the Global Economy: The Geography of Structural and Technological Change . McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 26–27, 155–163. ISBN   978-0-7735-1356-3 . ^ Brendan Marshall (2014). “Facts & Figures 2014 - The Mining Association of Canada” (PDF). The Mining Association of Canada. Retrieved December 3, 2015. ^ Leacy, FH, ed. (1983). “Vl-12" . Statistics Canada. Retrieved May 23, 2011. ^ Dr David Mosler; Professor Bob Catley (2013). The American Challenge: The World Resists US Liberalism . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 38. ISBN   978-1-4094-9852-0 . ^ Morck, Randall; Tian, Gloria; Yeung, Bernard (2005). “Who owns whom? Economic nationalism and family controlled pyramidal groups in Canada”. In Eden, Lorraine; Dobson, Wendy. Governance, multinationals, and growth . Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-84376-909-5 . ^ Hale, Geoffrey (October 2008). “The Dog That Hasn’t Barked: The Political Economy of Contemporary Debates on Canadian Foreign Investment Policies”. 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Retrieved September 18, 2009. ^ Anita Kalunta-Crumpton; Texas Southern University (2012). Race, Ethnicity, Crime and Criminal Justice in the Americas . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN   978-0-230-35586-6 . ^   “2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation” . The Daily . Statistics Canada. April 2, 2008. Retrieved January 19, 2010. ^ Pendakur, Krishna. “Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver’s Labour Market” . Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved June 30, 2014. ^   “2006 Census: Immigration, citizenship, language, mobility and migration” . The Daily . Statistics Canada. December 4, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2009. ^ Lilley, Brian (2010). “Canadians want immigration shakeup” . Parliamentary Bureau . Canadian Online Explorer. Retrieved November 14, 2010. ^ Friesen, Joe (March 9, 2010). “The changing face of Canada: booming minority populations by 2031" . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved May 14, 2012. ^ Richard Moon (2008). Law and Religious Pluralism in Canada . UBC Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN   978-0-7748-1497-3 . ^ Jamie S. Scott (2012). The Religions of Canadians . University of Toronto Press. p. 345. ISBN   978-1-4426-0516-9 . ^ Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report . University of Essex – Routledge. p. 219. ISBN   978-1-134-72229-7 . ^ Lance W. Roberts (2005). Recent Social Trends in Canada, 1960–2000 . McGill-Queen’s Press. p. 359. ISBN   978-0-7735-2955-7 . ^ Paul Bramadat; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada . University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-4426-1018-7 . ^ Kurt Bowen (2004). Christians in a Secular World: The Canadian Experience . McGill-Queen’s Press. p. 174. ISBN   978-0-7735-7194-5 . ^ Derek Gregory; Ron Johnston; Geraldine Pratt; Michael Watts; Sarah Whatmore (2009). The Dictionary of Human Geography . John Wiley & Sons. p. 672. ISBN   978-1-4443-1056-6 . ^ Bruce J. Berman; Rajeev Bhargava; Andr Lalibert (2013). Secular States and Religious Diversity . UBC Press. p. 103. ISBN   978-0-7748-2515-3 . ^ Betty Jane Punnett (2015). International Perspectives on Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management . Routledge. p. 116. ISBN   978-1-317-46745-8 . ^ David M. Haskell (2009). Through a Lens Darkly: How the News Media Perceive and Portray Evangelicals . Clements Publishing Group. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-894667-92-0 . ^ a   b   “Religions in Canada—Census 2011" . Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. ^ Hans Mol, “The secularization of Canada.” Research in the social scientific study of religion (1989) 1:197-215. ^ Mark A. Noll (1992). A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada . pp. 15–17. ^   “’No Religion’ Is Increasingly Popular For Canadians: Report” . Huffington Post . May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^   “2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights” . Statistics Canada , Dated 2006. Retrieved October 12, 2010. ^   “Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories” . Retrieved October 5, 2014. ^   “What Languages Do Canadians Speak? Language Statistics From the 2011 Census of Canada” . About.com: Canada Online. October 31, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^   “Population by mother tongue, by province and territory” . Statistics Canada. January 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2013. ^   “Official Languages and You” . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages . June 16, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009. ^ Bourhis, Richard Y; Montaruli, Elisa; Amiot, Catherine E (May 2007). “Language planning and French-English bilingual communication: Montreal field studies from 1977 to 1997". International Journal of the Sociology of Language . 2007 (185): 187–224. doi : 10.1515/IJSL.2007.031 . ^ Jeremy Webber (2015). The Constitution of Canada: A Contextual Analysis . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 214. ISBN   978-1-78225-631-1 . ^ Peter Auer (2010). Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods . Walter de Gruyter. p. 387. ISBN   978-3-11-018002-2 . ^ Hayday, Matthew (2005). Bilingual Today, United Tomorrow: Official Languages in Education and Canadian Federalism . McGill-Queen’s University Press . p. 49. ISBN   978-0-7735-2960-1 . ^ Heller, Monica (2003). Crosswords: language, education and ethnicity in French Ontario . Mouton de Gruyter . pp. 72, 74. ISBN   978-3-11-017687-2 . ^   “Aboriginal languages” . Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 5, 2009. ^ Olive Patricia Dickason (1992). Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times . University of Oklahoma Press. p. 419. ISBN   978-0-8061-2439-1 . ^ Fettes, Mark; Norton, Ruth (2001). “Voices of Winter: Aboriginal Languages and Public Policy in Canada”. In Castellano, Marlene Brant; Davis, Lynne; Lahache, Louise. Aboriginal education: fulfilling the promise . UBC Press . p. 39. ISBN   978-0-7748-0783-8 . ^ Russell, Peter H (2005). “Indigenous Self-Determination: Is Canada as Good as it Gets?”. In Hocking, Barbara. Unfinished constitutional business?: rethinking indigenous self-determination . Aboriginal Studies Press . p. 180. ISBN   978-0-85575-466-2 . ^ Jepsen, Julie Bakken; Clerck, Goedele De; Lutalo-Kiingi, Sam (2015). Sign Languages of the World: A Comparative Handbook . De Gruyter. p. 702. ISBN   978-1-61451-817-4 . ^ Bailey, Carole Sue; Dolby, Kathy; Campbell, Hilda Marian (2002). The Canadian Dictionary of ASL Canadian Cultural Society of the Dead . University of Alberta. p. 11. ISBN   978-0-88864-300-1 . ^ Napier, Jemina; Leeson, Lorraine (2016). Sign Language in Action . Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-137-30977-8 . ^ Zeshan, Ulrike; Vos, Connie de (2012). Sign Languages in Village Communities: Anthropological and Linguistic Insights . Walter de Gruyter. p. 182. ISBN   978-1-61451-149-6 . ^ Schembri, Adam C.; Lucas, Ceil (2015). Sociolinguistics and Deaf Communities . Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-107-05194-2 . ^ Rand Dyck (2011). Canadian Politics . Cengage Learning. p. 88. ISBN   978-0-17-650343-7 . ^ Stephen L. Newman (2012). Constitutional Politics in Canada and the United States . SUNY Press. p. 203. ISBN   978-0-7914-8584-2 . ^ Shibao Guo; Lloyd Wong (2015). Revisiting Multiculturalism in Canada: Theories, Policies and Debates . University of Calgary. p. 317. ISBN   978-94-6300-208-0 . ^ Sonia Sikka (2014). Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India . McGill-Queen’s Press. p. 237. ISBN   978-0-7735-9220-9 . ^ a   b   “A literature review of Public Opinion Research on Canadian attitudes towards multiculturalism and immigration, 2006-2009" . Government of Canada. 2011. RetrievedDecember 18, 2015. ^ Theodore Caplow (2001). Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century . McGill-Queen’s Press. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-7735-2304-3 . ^ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach . Sharpe. p. 61. ISBN   978-1-56324-416-2 . ^ Garcea, Joseph; Kirova, Anna; Wong, Lloyd (January 2009). “Multiculturalism Discourses in Canada”. Canadian Ethnic Studies . 40 (1): 1–10. doi : 10.1353/ces.0.0069 . ^ Emma Ambrosea; Cas Muddea (2015). “Canadian Multiculturalism and the Absence of the Far Right - Nationalism and Ethnic Politics” . doi : 10.1080/13537113.2015.1032033 . ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think about almost everything . Doubleday Canada. pp. 8–28. ISBN   978-0-385-65985-7 . ^ The Environics Institute (2010). “Focus Canada (Final Report)“ (PDF). Queen’s University. p. 4 (PDF page 8). Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction . University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN   978-0-8020-3630-8 . ^ Wisdom Tettey; Korbla P. Puplampu (2005). The African Diaspora in Canada: Negotiating Identity & Belonging . University of Calgary. p. 100. ISBN   978-1-55238-175-5 . ^ Tim Nieguth (2015). The Politics of Popular Culture: Negotiating Power, Identity, and Place . MQUP. p. 188. ISBN   978-0-7735-9685-6 . ^ Maurice Charney (2005). Comedy: a geographic and historical guide . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 210–213. ISBN   978-0-313-32714-8 . ^ Mary Vipond (2011). The Mass Media in Canada (4 ed.). James Lorimer Company. p. 57. ISBN   978-1-55277-658-2 . ^ Ryan Edwardson (2008). Canadian Content: Culture and the Quest for Nationhood . University of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN   978-0-8020-9519-0 . ^ David Monaghan (2013). “The mother beaver - Collection Profiles” . The House of Commons Heritage. Retrieved December 12, 2015. ^ a   b Canadian Heritage (2002). Symbols of Canada . Canadian Government Publishing. ISBN   978-0-660-18615-3 . ^ Barry M. Gough (2010). Historical Dictionary of Canada . Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-8108-7504-3 . ^ Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (2012). “Consolidation - Formal Documents Regulations” (PDF). ^   “The Great Seal of Canada - Anthems and Symbols - Canadian Identity” . Canadian Heritage. 2013. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved December 12,2015. ^ Ruhl, Jeffrey (January 2008). “Inukshuk Rising”. Canadian Journal of Globalization . 1 (1): 25–30. ^ a   b Allen G Berman (2008). Warman’s Coins And Paper Money: Identification and Price Guide . Krause Publications. p. 137. ISBN   1-4402-1915-X . ^   “Phasing out the penny” . Royal Canadian Mint. 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ W. J. Keith (2006). Canadian literature in English . The Porcupine’s Quill. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-88984-283-0 . ^ William H. New (2002). Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada . University of Toronto Press. pp. 259–261. ISBN   978-0-8020-0761-2 . ^ K. V. Dominic (2010). Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature . Pinnacle Technology. p. 9. ISBN   978-1-61820-640-4 . ^   K. V. Dominic (2010). Studies in Contemporary Canadian Literature . Pinnacle Technology. p. 8. ISBN   978-1-61820-640-4 . ^ Reingard M. Nischik (2000). Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact . Camden House. p. 46. ISBN   978-1-57113-139-3 . ^ William H. New (2012). Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada . University of Toronto Press. p. 55. ISBN   978-0-8020-0761-2 . ^   Broadview Anthology of British Literature, The. Concise Edition, Volume B . Broadview Press. 2006. p. 1459. GGKEY:1TFFGS4YFLT. ^ Robert Giddings; Erica Sheen (2000). From Page To Screen: Adaptations of the Classic Novel . Manchester University Press. p. 197. ISBN   978-0-7190-5231-6 . ^ Marylin J. McKay (2011). Picturing the Land: Narrating Territories in Canadian Landscape Art, 1500-1950 . McGill-Queen’s Press - MQUP. p. 229. ISBN   978-0-7735-3817-7 . ^ Brock, Richard (2008). “Envoicing Silent Objects: Art and Literature at the Site of the Canadian Landscape”. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education . 13 (2): 50–61. ^ Hill, Charles C (1995). The Group of Seven – Art for a Nation . National Gallery of Canada. pp. 15–21, 195. ISBN   978-0-7710-6716-7 . ^ Newlands, Anne (1996). Emily Carr . Firefly Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN   978-1-55209-046-6 . ^ Pamela R. Stern (June 30, 2010). Daily life of the Inuit . ABC-CLIO. p. 151. ISBN   978-0-313-36311-5 . ^ Geoffrey P. Hull; Thomas William Hutchison; Richard Strasser (2011). The Music Business and Recording Industry: Delivering Music in the 21st Century . Taylor & Francis. p. 304. ISBN   978-0-415-87560-8 . ^ Archibald Lloyd Keith Acheson; Christopher John Maule (2009). Much Ado about Culture: North American Trade Disputes . University of Michigan Press. p. 181. ISBN   0-472-02241-5 . ^ Edwardson, Ryan (2008). Canadian content, culture and the quest for nationhood . University of Toronto Press. p. 127. ISBN   978-0-8020-9759-0 . ^ Frank Hoffmann (2004). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Routledge. p. 324. ISBN   978-1-135-94950-1 . ^ Adam Jortner (2011). The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier . Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN   978-0-19-976529-4 . ^   “’O Canada’” . Historica-Dominion. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^   “Hymne national du Canada” . Canadian Heritage. June 23, 2008. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2008. ^ Henry Roxborough, “The Beginning of Organized Sport in Canada”, Canada (1975) 2#3 pp 30–43 ^   “National Sports of Canada Act” . Government of Canada. November 5, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015. ^   “Vancouver 2010" . The Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. 2009. Retrieved October 20, 2009.

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Main articles: Bibliography of Canada and Bibliography of Canadian history

History J. M. S. Careless (2012). Canada: A Story of Challenge (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-107-67581-0 . Francis, RD; Jones, Richard; Smith, Donald B (2009). Journeys: A History of Canada . Nelson Education. ISBN   978-0-17-644244-6 . Taylor, Martin Brook; Owram, Doug (1994). Canadian History . 1 & 2 . University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5016-8 , ISBN 978-0-8020-2801-3 Geography and climate Thomas A. Rumney (2009). Canadian Geography: A Scholarly Bibliography . Plattsburgh State University. ISBN   978-0-8108-6718-5 . Stanford, Quentin H, ed. (2008). Canadian Oxford World Atlas (6th ed.). Oxford University Press (Canada). ISBN   978-0-19-542928-2 . Government and law Joseph W.; Jacob B.A. (2007). Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Democracy for the People and for Each Person . Trafford Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4269-8016-9 . Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009). The Canadian Regime: An Introduction to Parliamentary Government in Canada (4th ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-1-4426-0047-8 . Morton, Frederick Lee (2002). Law, politics, and the judicial process in Canada . Frederick Lee. ISBN   978-1-55238-046-8 . Social welfare Alvin Finkel (2006). Social Policy and Practice in Canada: A History . Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. ISBN   978-0-88920-475-1 . Valerie D. Thompson (2015). Health and Health Care Delivery in Canada . Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN   978-1-927406-31-1 . Sara Z. Burke; Patrice Milewski (2011). Schooling in Transition: Readings in Canadian History of Education . University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-0-8020-9577-0 . Foreign relations and military Patrick James; Nelson Michaud; Marc J. O’Reilly (2006). Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy . Lexington Books. ISBN   978-0-7391-1493-3 . John Conrad (2011). Scarce Heard Amid the Guns: An Inside Look at Canadian Peacekeeping . Dundurn. ISBN   978-1-55488-981-5 . Granatstein, JL (2011). Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-1-4426-1178-8 . Economy W.T. Easterbrook; Hugh G.J. Aitken (2015). Canadian Economic History . University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN   978-1-4426-5814-1 . Economic Survey of Canada 2016 . OECD Economic Surveys. 2016. – ( Previous surveys ) Council of Canadian Academies (2012). The State of Science and Technology in Canada, 2012 . Council of Canadian Academies. ISBN   978-1-926558-47-9 . Demography and statistics * Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867–1967 . Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). David Carment; David Bercuson (2008). The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics . MQUP. ISBN   978-0-7735-7854-8 . Statistics Canada (December 2012). Canada Year Book . Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). ISSN   0068-8142 . Catalogue no 11-402-XWE. Culture Andrew Cohen (2007). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are . McClelland & Stewart. ISBN   978-0-7710-2181-7 . Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada’s peoples . Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN   978-0-8020-2938-6 . Jonathan F. Vance (2011). A History of Canadian Culture . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-544422-3 .

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not for canada - australian in disguise > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:51

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki-gaisha Public ( K.K. ) Traded as TYO : 7267
NYSE : HMC Industry Automotive
Aviation
Telematics
Conglomerate Founded Hamamatsu , Japan (October 1946, incorporated 24 September 1948; 68 years ago)Founder Soichiro Honda
Takeo Fujisawa Headquarters Minato , Tokyo, JapanWorldwideFumihiko Ike
(Chairman)
Takanobu Ito
(President and CEO) Products4,110,000 vehicles (2012)
Automobiles
Commercial Vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Motorcycles
Scooters
Electric generators
Water pumps
Lawn and garden equipments
Tillers
Outboard motors
Robotics
Jet aircraft
Jet engines
Thin-film solar cells
Internavi Revenue   ¥ 11.85 trillion (2014) [1]
USD 119 billion (2014) ¥750 billion (2014) [1] ¥574 billion (2014) [2]
$5.75 billion (2014) Total assets ¥11.780 trillion (2012) [3] Total equity ¥4.402 trillion (2012) [3] Owner Japan Trustee Services Bank (Trust) (6.46%)
The Master Trust Bank of Japan (Trust) (4.71%)
Mokusurei (3.09%)
Meiji Yasuda Life (2.83%)
Tokio Marine Nichido (2.35%)
(32014 currently)198,561 (2014) Divisions Acura
Honda Automobiles
Honda Motorcycles Subsidiaries Website world.honda.com Geographic RegionTotal revenue (in millions of ¥ )Japan1,681,190North America5,980,876Europe1,236,757Asia1,283,154Others905,163NameYears Soichiro Honda 1948–1973Kiyoshi Kawashima1973–1983 Tadashi Kume 1983–1990 Nobuhiko Kawamoto 1990–1998Hiroyuki Yoshino1998–2003 Takeo Fukui 2003–2009 Takanobu Ito 2009–2015Takahiro Hachigo2015– Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda dealerships .Calendar yearTotal US sales [110] 1992768,8451993716,5461994788,2301995794,5791996843,9281997940,38619981,009,60019991,076,89320001,158,86020011,207,63920021,247,83420031,349,84720041,394,39820051,462,47220061,509,35820071,551,542 [111] 20081,284,261 [111] 20091,150,784 [112] 20101,230,480 [112] 20111,147,000 [113] 20121,422,000 [113] 20131,525,312 [114] 20141,540,87220151,586,551 [115] Calendar yearGlobal production20093,012,000 [116] 20103,643,000 [116] 20112,909,000 [117] 20124,110,000 [117] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda .

This article is about the multinational corporation. For other uses, see Honda (disambiguation) .

Honda Headquarters

Native name

Romanized name

Type

Area served

Key people

Operating income

Net income

Number of employees

List [show]

Honda Motor Co., Ltd. ( Honda Giken Kgy KK ? , IPA: [hoda] (   listen ) ; /hnd/ ) is a Japanese public   multinational   conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft , motorcycles, and power equipment.

Honda has been the world’s largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959, [4] [5] as well as the world’s largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. [6] Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001. [7] [8] Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors , Volkswagen Group , Toyota , Hyundai Motor Group , Ford , Nissan , and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011. [9]

Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a dedicated luxury brand, Acura , in 1986. Aside from their core automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators, and other products. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and released their ASIMO robot in 2000. They have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet , which began production in 2012. Honda has three joint-ventures in China ( Honda China , Dongfeng Honda , and Guangqi Honda ).

In 2013, Honda invested about 5.7% (US$6.8 billion) of its revenues in research and development. [10] Also in 2013, Honda became the first Japanese automaker to be a net exporter to the United States, exporting 108,705 Honda and Acura models, while importing only 88,357. [11]

Contents [ hide ] 1History 2Corporate profile and divisions 3Leadership 4Products 4.1Automobiles 4.2Motorcycles 4.3Power equipment 4.4Engines 4.5Robots 4.6Aircraft 4.7Mountain bikes 5Former Products 5.1ATV 5.2Solar cells 6Motorsports 6.1Automobile 6.2Motorcycles 7Electric and alternative fuel vehicles 7.1Compressed natural gas 7.2Flexible-fuel 7.3Hybrid electric 7.4Hydrogen fuel cell 7.5Plug-in electric vehicles 8Marketing 8.1Japan 8.1.1Dealership list 8.2International efforts 8.3Sports 9Facilities (partial list) 10Mainstream models 11US sales 12Production numbers 13See also 14Notes 15References 16External links

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Throughout his life, Honda’s founder, Soichiro Honda had an interest in automobiles. He worked as a mechanic at the Art Shokai garage, where he tuned cars and entered them in races. In 1937, with financing from his acquaintance Kato Shichir, Honda founded Tkai Seiki (Eastern Sea Precision Machine Company) to make piston rings working out of the Art Shokai garage. [12] After initial failures, Tkai Seiki won a contract to supply piston rings to Toyota , but lost the contract due to the poor quality of their products. [12] After attending engineering school without graduating, and visiting factories around Japan to better understand Toyota’s quality control processes, by 1941 Honda was able to mass-produce piston rings acceptable to Toyota, using an automated process that could employ even unskilled wartime laborers. [12] [13] :16–19

Tkai Seiki was placed under control of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (called the Ministry of Munitions after 1943) at the start of World War II, and Soichiro Honda was demoted from president to senior managing director after Toyota took a 40% stake in the company. [12] Honda also aided the war effort by assisting other companies in automating the production of military aircraft propellers. [12] The relationships Honda cultivated with personnel at Toyota, Nakajima Aircraft Company and the Imperial Japanese Navy would be instrumental in the postwar period. [12] A US B-29 bomber attack destroyed Tkai Seiki’s Yamashita plant in 1944, and the Itawa plant collapsed in the 13 January 1945 Mikawa earthquake , and Soichiro Honda sold the salvageable remains of the company to Toyota after the war for ¥450,000, and used the proceeds to found the Honda Technical Research Institute in October 1946. [12] [14]

With a staff of 12 men working in a 16 m 2 (170 sq ft) shack, they built and sold improvised motorized bicycles , using a supply of 500 two-stroke   50 cc   Tohatsu   war surplus radio generator engines . [12] [13] :19 [15] When the engines ran out, Honda began building their own copy of the Tohatsu engine, and supplying these to customers to attach to their bicycles. [12] [15] This was the Honda A-Type , nicknamed the Bata Bata for the sound the engine made. [12] In 1949, the Honda Technical Research Institute was liquidated for ¥1,000,000, or about US$5,000 today; these funds were used to incorporate Honda Motor Co., Ltd. [13] :21 At about the same time Honda hired engineer Kihachiro Kawashima, and Takeo Fujisawa who provided indispensable business and marketing expertise to complement Soichiro Honda’s technical bent. [13] :21 The close partnership between Soichiro Honda and Fujisawa lasted until they stepped down together in October 1973. [13] :21

The first complete motorcycle, with both the frame and engine made by Honda, was the 1949 D-Type , the first Honda to go by the name Dream. [14] [16] Honda Motor Company grew in a short time to become the world’s largest manufacturer of motorcycles by 1964. [ citation needed ]

The first production automobile from Honda was the T360 mini pick-up truck, which went on sale in August 1963. [17] Powered by a small 356-cc straight-4 gasoline engine, it was classified under the cheaper Kei car tax bracket. [18] The first production car from Honda was the S500 sports car, which followed the T360 into production in October 1963. Its chain-driven rear wheels pointed to Honda’s motorcycle origins. [19]

Over the next few decades, Honda worked to expand its product line and expanded operations and exports to numerous countries around the world. In 1986, Honda introduced the successful Acura brand to the American market in an attempt to gain ground in the luxury vehicle market. The year 1991 saw the introduction of the Honda NSX supercar, the first all-aluminum monocoque vehicle that incorporated a mid-engine V6 with variable-valve timing. [20]

CEO Tadashi Kume was succeeded by Nobuhiko Kawamoto in 1990. Kawamoto was selected over Shoichiro Irimajiri , who oversaw the successful establishment of Honda of America Manufacturing, Inc. in Marysville, Ohio . Both Kawamoto and Irimajiri shared a friendly rivalry within Honda, and Irimajiri would resign in 1992 due to health issues.

Following the death of Soichiro Honda and the departure of Irimajiri, Honda found itself quickly being outpaced in product development by other Japanese automakers and was caught off-guard by the truck and sport utility vehicle boom of the 1990s, all which took a toll on the profitability of the company. Japanese media reported in 1992 and 1993 that Honda was at serious risk of an unwanted and hostile takeover by Mitsubishi Motors , who at the time was a larger automaker by volume and flush with profits from their successful Pajero and Diamante . [21]

Kawamoto acted quickly to change Honda’s corporate culture, rushing through market-driven product development that resulted in recreational vehicles such as the first generation Odyssey and the CR-V , and a refocusing away from some of the numerous sedans and coupes that were popular with Honda’s engineers but not with the buying public. The most shocking change to Honda came when Kawamoto ended Honda’s successful participation in Formula One after the 1992 season, citing costs in light of the takeover threat from Mitsubishi as well as the desire to create a more environmentally-friendly company image. [22]

Later, 1995 gave rise to the Honda Aircraft Company with the goal of producing jet aircraft under Honda’s name. [23]

On 23 February 2015, Honda announced that CEO and President Takanobu Ito would step down and be replaced by Takahiro Hachigo by June; additional retirements by senior managers and directors were expected. [24]

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Honda headquarters building in Minato, Tokyo

Honda is headquartered in Minato , Tokyo, Japan. Their shares trade on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange , as well as exchanges in Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Kyoto, Fukuoka , London, Paris and Switzerland.

The company has assembly plants around the globe. These plants are located in China, the United States, Pakistan, Canada, England, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, México, New Zealand, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey, Taiwan, Perú and Argentina. As of July 2010, 89 percent of Honda and Acura vehicles sold in the United States were built in North American plants, up from 82.2 percent a year earlier. This shields profits from the yen’s advance to a 15-year high against the dollar. [25]

Honda’s Net Sales and Other Operating Revenue by Geographical Regions in 2007 [26]

American Honda Motor Company is based in Torrance, California. Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) is Honda’s motorcycle racing division. Honda Canada Inc. is headquartered in Markham, Ontario , [27] their manufacturing division, Honda of Canada Manufacturing , is based in Alliston, Ontario . Honda has also created joint ventures around the world, such as Honda Siel Cars and Hero Honda Motorcycles in India, [28]   Guangzhou Honda and Dongfeng Honda in China, Boon Siew Honda in Malaysia and Honda Atlas in Pakistan.

Following the Japanese earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 Honda announced plans to halve production at its UK plants. [29] The decision was made to put staff at the Swindon plant on a 2-day week until the end of May as the manufacturer struggled to source supplies from Japan. It’s thought around 22,500 cars were produced during this period.

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For a list of automobiles, see List of Honda automobiles .

2013 Honda Accord (North American version)

Ninth Generation Honda Civic (Asian Version)

Honda’s global lineup consists of the Fit , Civic , Accord , Insight , CR-V , CR-Z , Legend and two versions of the Odyssey, one for North America , and a smaller vehicle sold internationally. An early proponent of developing vehicles to cater to different needs and markets worldwide, Honda’s lineup varies by country and may have vehicles exclusive to that region. A few examples are the latest Honda Odyssey   minivan and the Ridgeline , Honda’s first light-duty uni-body pickup truck . Both were designed and engineered primarily in North America and are produced there. Other example of exclusive models includes the Honda Civic five-door hatchback sold in Europe.

Honda’s automotive manufacturing ambitions can be traced back to 1963, with the Honda T360 , a kei car truck built for the Japanese market. [30] This was followed by the two-door roadster , the Honda S500 also introduced in 1963. In 1965, Honda built a two-door commercial delivery van, called the Honda L700 . Honda’s first four-door sedan was not the Accord, but the air-cooled, four-cylinder, gasoline-powered Honda 1300 in 1969. The Civic was a hatchback that gained wide popularity internationally, but it wasn’t the first two-door hatchback built. That was the Honda N360 , another Kei car that was adapted for international sale as the N600. The Civic, which appeared in 1972 and replaced the N600 also had a smaller sibling that replaced the air-cooled N360, called the Honda Life that was water-cooled.

The Honda Life represented Honda’s efforts in competing in the kei car segment, offering sedan, delivery van and small pick-up platforms on a shared chassis. The Life StepVan had a novel approach that, while not initially a commercial success, appears to be an influence in vehicles with the front passengers sitting behind the engine, a large cargo area with a flat roof and a liftgate installed in back, and utilizing a transversely installed engine with a front-wheel-drive powertrain.

As Honda entered into automobile manufacturing in the late 1960s, where Japanese manufacturers such as Toyota and Nissan had been making cars since before WWII, it appears that Honda instilled a sense of doing things a little differently than its Japanese competitors. Its mainstay products, like the Accord and Civic (with the exception of its USA-market 1993–97 Passport which was part of a vehicle exchange program with Isuzu (part of the Subaru-Isuzu joint venture)), have always employed front-wheel-drive powertrain implementation, which is currently a long held Honda tradition. Honda also installed new technologies into their products, first as optional equipment, then later standard, like anti lock brakes, speed sensitive power steering, and multi-port fuel injection in the early 1980s. This desire to be the first to try new approaches is evident with the creation of the first Japanese luxury chain Acura , and was also evident with the all aluminum, mid-engined sports car, the Honda NSX , which also introduced variable valve timing technology, Honda calls VTEC .

The Civic is a line of compact cars developed and manufactured by Honda. In North America, the Civic is the second-longest continuously running nameplate from a Japanese manufacturer; only its perennial rival, the Toyota Corolla , introduced in 1968, has been in production longer. [31] The Civic, along with the Accord and Prelude , comprised Honda’s vehicles sold in North America until the 1990s, when the model lineup was expanded. Having gone through several generational changes, the Civic has become larger and more upmarket , and it currently slots between the Fit and Accord.

Honda produces Civic hybrid , a hybrid electric vehicle that competes with the Toyota Prius , and also produces the Insight and CR-Z .

In 2008, Honda increased global production to meet demand for small cars and hybrids in the U.S. and emerging markets. The company shuffled U.S. production to keep factories busy and boost car output, while building fewer minivans and sport utility vehicles as light truck sales fell. [32]

Its first entrance into the pickup segment, the light duty Ridgeline, won Truck of the Year from Motor Trend magazine in 2006. Also in 2006, the redesigned Civic won Car of the Year from the magazine, giving Honda a rare double win of Motor Trend honors. Honda’s 9th generation Civic also won the Car of the Year award based on a public survey held by PakWheels

It is reported that Honda plans to increase hybrid sales in Japan to more than 20% of its total sales in fiscal year 2011, from 14.8% in previous year. [33]

Five of United States Environmental Protection Agency ’s top ten most fuel-efficient cars from 1984 to 2010 comes from Honda, more than any other automakers. The five models are: 2000–2006 Honda Insight (53 mpg -US or 4.4 L/100 km or 64 mpg -imp combined), 1986–1987 Honda Civic Coupe HF (46 mpg -US or 5.1 L/100 km or 55 mpg -imp combined), 1994–1995 Honda Civic hatchback VX (43 mpg -US or 5.5 L/100 km or 52 mpg -imp combined), 2006– Honda Civic Hybrid (42 mpg -US or 5.6 L/100 km or 50 mpg -imp combined), and 2010– Honda Insight (41 mpg -US or 5.7 L/100 km or 49 mpg -imp combined). [34] The ACEEE has also rated the Civic GX as the greenest car in America for seven consecutive years. [35]

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For a list of motorcycle products, see List of Honda motorcycles .

Honda is the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Japan and has been since it started production in 1955. [12] At its peak in 1982, Honda manufactured almost three million motorcycles annually. By 2006 this figure had reduced to around 550,000 but was still higher than its three domestic competitors. [12]

During the 1960s, when it was a small manufacturer, Honda broke out of the Japanese motorcycle market and began exporting to the U.S. Working with the advertising agency Grey Advertising , Honda created an innovative marketing campaign, using the slogan “ You meet the nicest people on a Honda .” In contrast to the prevailing negative stereotypes of motorcyclists in America as tough, antisocial rebels, this campaign suggested that Honda motorcycles were made for the everyman. The campaign was hugely successful; the ads ran for three years, and by the end of 1963 alone, Honda had sold 90,000 motorcycles. [13] :{{{1}}}

Taking Honda’s story as an archetype of the smaller manufacturer entering a new market already occupied by highly dominant competitors, the story of their market entry, and their subsequent huge success in the U.S. and around the world, has been the subject of some academic controversy. Competing explanations have been advanced to explain Honda’s strategy and the reasons for their success. [36]

The first of these explanations was put forward when, in 1975, Boston Consulting Group (BCG) was commissioned by the UK government to write a report explaining why and how the British motorcycle industry had been out-competed by its Japanese competitors. The report concluded that the Japanese firms, including Honda, had sought a very high scale of production (they had made a large number of motorbikes) in order to benefit from economies of scale and learning curve effects. It blamed the decline of the British motorcycle industry on the failure of British managers to invest enough in their businesses to profit from economies of scale and scope . [37]

2004 Honda Super Cub

The second explanation was offered in 1984 by Richard Pascale, who had interviewed the Honda executives responsible for the firm’s entry into the U.S. market. As opposed to the tightly focused strategy of low cost and high scale that BCG accredited to Honda, Pascale found that their entry into the U.S. market was a story of “miscalculation, serendipity, and organizational learning” – in other words, Honda’s success was due to the adaptability and hard work of its staff, rather than any long term strategy. [38] For example, Honda’s initial plan on entering the US was to compete in large motorcycles, around 300 cc. Honda’s motorcycles in this class suffered performance and reliability problems when ridden the relatively long distances of the US highways. [13] :41–43 When the team found that the scooters they were using to get themselves around their U.S. base of San Francisco attracted positive interest from consumers that they fell back on selling the Super Cub instead. [13] :41–43

The most recent school of thought on Honda’s strategy was put forward by Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad in 1989. Creating the concept of core competencies with Honda as an example, they argued that Honda’s success was due to its focus on leadership in the technology of internal combustion engines. [39] For example, the high power-to-weight ratio engines Honda produced for its racing bikes provided technology and expertise which was transferable into mopeds. Honda’s entry into the U.S. motorcycle market during the 1960s is used as a case study for teaching introductory strategy at business schools worldwide. [40]

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Production started in 1953 with H-type engine (prior to motorcycle). [41]
Honda power equipment reached record sales in 2007 with 6.4 million units. [42] By 2010 ( Fiscal year ended 31 March) this figure had decreased to 4,7 million units. [43] Cumulative production of power products has exceeded 85 million units (as of September 2008). [44]

Honda power equipment includes:

Engine Tiller Lawn mower Robotic lawn mower Riding mower Trimmer Mower Blower Sprayer Hedge trimmer Snowthrower Generator , welding power supply Pumps Outboard engine Inflatable boat Electric 4-wheel Scooter Compact Household Cogeneration Unit

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Honda Outboard motor on a pontoon boat

Honda engines powered the entire 33-car starting field of the 2010 Indianapolis 500 [45] and for the fifth consecutive race, there were no engine-related retirements during the running of the Memorial Day Classic. [46]

In the 1980s Honda developed the GY6 engine for use in motor scooters. Although no longer manufactured by Honda it is still commonly used in many Chinese, Korean and Taiwanese light vehicles. [47]

Honda, despite being known as an engine company, has never built a V8 for passenger vehicles. In the late 1990s, the company resisted considerable pressure from its American dealers for a V8 engine (which would have seen use in top-of-the-line Honda SUVs and Acuras ), with American Honda reportedly sending one dealer a shipment of V8 beverages to silence them. [48] Honda considered starting V8 production in the mid-2000s for larger Acura sedans, a new version of the high end NSX sports car (which previously used DOHC V6 engines with VTEC to achieve its high power output) and possible future ventures into the American full-size truck and SUV segment for both the Acura and Honda brands, but this was cancelled in late 2008, with Honda citing environmental and worldwide economic conditions as reasons for the termination of this project. [49]

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ASIMO at Expo 2005

ASIMO is the part of Honda’s Research & Development robotics program . It is the eleventh in a line of successive builds starting in 1986 with Honda E0 moving through the ensuing Honda E series and the Honda P series . Weighing 54 kilograms and standing 130 centimeters tall, ASIMO resembles a small astronaut wearing a backpack, and can walk on two feet in a manner resembling human locomotion , at up to 6 km/h (3.7 mph). ASIMO is the world’s only humanoid robot able to ascend and descend stairs independently. [50] However, human motions such as climbing stairs are difficult to mimic with a machine, which ASIMO has demonstrated by taking two plunges off a staircase.

Honda’s robot ASIMO (see below) as an R&D project brings together expertise to create a robot that walks, dances and navigates steps. 2010 marks the year Honda has developed a machine capable of reading a user’s brainwaves to move ASIMO . The system uses a helmet covered with electroencephalography and near-infrared spectroscopy sensors that monitor electrical brainwaves and cerebral blood flow—signals that alter slightly during the human thought process. The user thinks of one of a limited number of gestures it wants from the robot, which has been fitted with a Brain Machine Interface. [51]

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Main article: Honda HA-420 HondaJet

Honda has also pioneered new technology in its HA-420 HondaJet , manufactured by its subsidiary Honda Aircraft Company , which allows new levels of reduced drag, increased aerodynamics and fuel efficiency thus reducing operating costs. [ citation needed ]

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See also: Honda RN-01 G-cross

Honda has also built a downhill racing bicycle known as the Honda RN-01. It is not available for sale to the public. The bike has a gearbox, which replaces the standard derailleur found on most bikes.

Honda has hired several people to pilot the bike, among them Greg Minnaar . The team is known as Team G Cross Honda.

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See also: Honda Rincon

Honda also builds all-terrain vehicles (ATV). 450r 400ex 300ex 250r

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Honda’s solar cell subsidiary company Honda Soltec (Headquarters: Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto; President and CEO: Akio Kazusa) started sales throughout Japan of thin-film solar cells for public and industrial use on 24 October 2008, after selling solar cells for residential use since October 2007. [52] Honda announced in the end of October 2013 that Honda Soltec would cease the business operation except for support for existing customers in Spring 2014 and the subsidiary would be dissolved. [53]

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Honda has been active in motorsports, like Motorcycle Grand Prix, Superbike racing and others.

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See also: Honda in Formula One

Rubens Barrichello driving for Honda

Honda entered Formula One as a constructor for the first time in the 1964 season at the German Grand Prix with Ronnie Bucknum at the wheel. 1965 saw the addition of Richie Ginther to the team, who scored Honda’s first point at the Belgian Grand Prix , and Honda’s first win at the Mexican Grand Prix . 1967 saw their next win at the Italian Grand Prix with John Surtees as their driver. In 1968 , Jo Schlesser was killed in a Honda RA302 at the French Grand Prix . This racing tragedy, coupled with their commercial difficulties selling automobiles in the United States, prompted Honda to withdraw from all international motorsport that year.

After a learning year in 1965, Honda-powered Brabhams dominated the 1966 French Formula Two championship in the hands of Jack Brabham and Denny Hulme . As there was no European Championship that season, this was the top F2 championship that year. In the early 1980s Honda returned to F2, supplying engines to Ron Tauranac ’s Ralt team. Tauranac had designed the Brabham cars for their earlier involvement. They were again extremely successful. In a related exercise, John Judd’s Engine Developments company produced a turbo “Brabham-Honda” engine for use in IndyCar racing. It won only one race, in 1988 for Bobby Rahal at Pocono.

Honda returned to Formula One in 1983, initially with another Formula Two partner, the Spirit team, before switching abruptly to Williams in 1984. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Honda powered cars won six consecutive Formula One Constructors Championships. WilliamsF1 won the crown in 1986 and 1987 . Honda switched allegiance again in 1988. New partners Team McLaren won the title in 1988 , 1989 , 1990 and 1991 . Honda withdrew from Formula One at the end of 1992, although the related Mugen-Honda company maintained a presence up to the end of 1999, winning four races with Ligier and Jordan Grand Prix .

Honda debuted in the CART IndyCar World Series as a works supplier in 1994. The engines were far from competitive at first, but after development, the company powered six consecutive drivers championships. In 2003, Honda transferred its effort to the rival IRL IndyCar Series with Ilmor as joint development until 2006. In 2004, Honda-powered cars overwhelmingly dominated the IndyCar Series, winning 14 of 16 IndyCar races, including the Indianapolis 500 , and claimed the IndyCar Series Manufacturers’ Championship, Drivers’ Championship and Rookie of the Year titles. From 2006 to 2011, Honda was the lone engine supplier for the IndyCar Series, including the Indianapolis 500. In the 2006 Indianapolis 500 , for the first time in Indianapolis 500 history, the race was run without a single engine problem. [54] Since 2012, HPD has constructed turbocharged V-6 engines for its IndyCar effort.

During 1998, Honda considered returning to Formula One with their own team. The project was aborted after the death of its technical director, Harvey Postlethwaite . Honda instead came back as an official engine supplier to British American Racing (BAR) and Jordan Grand Prix. Honda bought a stake in the BAR team in 2004 before buying the team outright at the end of 2005, becoming a constructor for the first time since the 1960s. Honda won the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix with driver Jenson Button .

It was announced on 5 December 2008, that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the 2008 global economic crisis. [55] The team was sold to former team principal Ross Brawn , renamed Brawn GP and subsequently Mercedes . [56]

Honda became an official works team in the British Touring Car Championship in 2010.

Honda made an official announcement on 16 May 2013 that it will re-enter Formula One racing in 2015 as an engine supplier to the McLaren team. [57]

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Main article: Honda Racing Corporation

Honda RC212V raced by Dani Pedrosa

Honda Racing Corporation (HRC) was formed in 1982. The company combines participation in motorcycle races throughout the world with the development of high potential racing machines. Its racing activities are an important source for the creation of leading edge technologies used in the development of Honda motorcycles. HRC also contributes to the advancement of motorcycle sports through a range of activities that include sales of production racing motorcycles, support for satellite teams, and rider education programs.

Soichiro Honda, being a race driver himself, could not stay out of international motorsport . In 1959, Honda entered five motorcycles into the Isle of Man TT race, the most prestigious motorcycle race in the world. While always having powerful engines, it took until 1961 for Honda to tune their chassis well enough to allow Mike Hailwood to claim their first Grand Prix victories in the 125 and 250 cc classes. Hailwood would later pick up their first Senior TT wins in 1966 and 1967 . Honda’s race bikes were known for their “sleek & stylish design” and exotic engine configurations, such as the 5-cylinder, 22,000 rpm, 125 cc bike and their 6-cylinder 250 cc and 297 cc bikes.

In 1979, Honda returned to Grand Prix motorcycle racing with the monocoque -framed, four-stroke   NR500 . The FIM rules limited engines to four cylinders, so the NR500 had non-circular, ‘race-track’, cylinders, each with 8 valves and two connecting rods, in order to provide sufficient valve area to compete with the dominant two-stroke racers. Unfortunately, it seemed Honda tried to accomplish too much at one time and the experiment failed. For the 1982 season, Honda debuted their first two-stroke race bike, the NS500 and in 1983 , Honda won their first 500 cc Grand Prix World Championship with Freddie Spencer . Since then, Honda has become a dominant marque in motorcycle Grand Prix racing, winning a plethora of top level titles with riders such as Mick Doohan and Valentino Rossi . Honda also head the number of wins at the Isle of Man TT having notched up 227 victories in the solo classes and Sidecar TT , [58] including Ian Hutchinson ’s clean sweep at the 2010 races . [59] The outright lap record on the Snaefell Mountain Course is also held by Honda, set at the 2015 TT by John McGuinness at an average speed of 132.701 mph (213.562 km/h) on a Honda CBR1000RR . [60]

In the Motocross World Championship , Honda has claimed six world championships. In the World Enduro Championship , Honda has captured eight titles, most recently with Stefan Merriman in 2003 and with Mika Ahola from 2007 to 2010. In motorcycle trials , Honda has claimed three world championships with Belgian rider Eddy Lejeune .

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2009 Honda Civic GX hooked up to Phill refueling system

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The Honda Civic GX was for a long time the only purpose-built natural gas vehicle (NGV) commercially available in some parts of the U.S. [61] [62] The Honda Civic GX first appeared in 1998 as a factory-modified Civic LX that had been designed to run exclusively on compressed natural gas . The car looks and drives just like a contemporary Honda Civic LX, but does not run on gasoline. In 2001, the Civic GX was rated the cleanest-burning internal combustion engine in the world by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [63] [64]

First leased to the City of Los Angeles, in 2005, Honda started offering the GX directly to the public through factory trained dealers certified to service the GX. Before that, only fleets were eligible to purchase a new Civic GX. In 2006, the Civic GX was released in New York, making it the second state where the consumer is able to buy the car. [65]

In June 2015, Honda announced its decision to phase out the commercialization of natural-gas powered vehicles to focus on the development of a new generation of electrified vehicles such as hybrids , plug-in electric cars and hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles . Since 2008, Honda has sold about 16,000 natural-gas vehicles, mainly to taxi and commercial fleets. [66]

Top: Brazilian flexible-fuel   Honda Civic . Below: U.S. Honda Civic Hybrid

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Honda’s Brazilian subsidiary launched flexible-fuel versions for the Honda Civic and Honda Fit in late 2006. As other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, these models run on any blend of hydrous ethanol ( E100 ) and E20-E25 gasoline . [67] [68] Initially, and in order to test the market preferences, the carmaker decided to produce a limited share of the vehicles with flex-fuel engines, 33 percent of the Civic production and 28 percent of the Fit models. [67] [68] Also, the sale price for the flex-fuel version was higher than the respective gasoline versions, around US$1,000 premium for the Civic, and US$650 for the Fit, despite the fact that all other flex-fuel vehicles sold in Brazil had the same tag price as their gasoline versions. [68] [69] [70] In July 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market its third flexible-fuel car, the Honda City . [71]

During the last two months of 2006, both flex-fuel models sold 2,427 cars against 8,546 gasoline-powered automobiles, [72] jumping to 41,990 flex-fuel cars in 2007, [73] and reaching 93,361 in 2008. [74] Due to the success of the flex versions, by early 2009 a hundred percent of Honda’s automobile production for the Brazilian market is now flexible-fuel, and only a small percentage of gasoline version is produced in Brazil for exports. [75]

In March 2009, Honda launched in the Brazilian market the first flex-fuel motorcycle in the world. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700. [76] [77] [78]

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In late 1999, Honda launched the first commercial hybrid electric car sold in the U.S. market, the Honda Insight , just one month before the introduction of the Toyota Prius , and initially sold for US$20,000. [79] [80] The first-generation Insight was produced from 2000 to 2006 and had a fuel economy of 70 miles per US gallon (3.4 L/100 km; 84 mpg -imp ) for the EPA’s highway rating, the most fuel-efficient mass-produced car at the time. [79] [80] Total global sales for the Insight amounted to only around 18,000 vehicles. [80] Cumulative global sales reached 100,000 hybrids in 2005 and 200,000 in 2007. [81]

Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in Japan in February 2009, and released it in other markets through 2009 and in the U.S. market in April 2009. At $19,800 as a five-door hatchback it will be the least expensive hybrid available in the U.S. [82]

2010 Honda Insight   hybrid electric vehicle (Second generation)

Since 2002, Honda has also been selling the Honda Civic Hybrid (2003 model) in the U.S. market. [79] It was followed by the Honda Accord Hybrid , offered in model years 2005 through 2007. Sales of the Honda CR-Z began in Japan in February 2010, becoming Honda’s third hybrid electric car in the market. [83] As of February 2011, Honda was producing around 200,000 hybrids a year in Japan. [84]

Sales of the Fit Hybrid began in Japan in October 2010, at the time, the lowest price for a gasoline-hybrid electric vehicle sold in the country. [85] The European version, called Honda Jazz Hybrid , was released in early 2011. [86] During 2011 Honda launched three hybrid models available only in Japan, the Fit Shuttle Hybrid , Freed Hybrid and Freed Spike Hybrid. [81]

Honda’s cumulative global hybrid sales passed the 1 million unit milestone at the end of September 2012, 12 years and 11 months after sales of the first generation Insight began in Japan November 1999. [81] A total of 187,851 hybrids were sold worldwide in 2013, and 158,696 hybrids during the first six months of 2014. [87] [88] As of June 2014, Honda has sold more than 1.35 million hybrids worldwide. [81] [87] [88]

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Honda FCX Clarity   hydrogen   fuel cell vehicle

In Takanezawa , Japan, on 16 June 2008, Honda Motors produced the first assembly-line FCX Clarity , a hybrid   hydrogen   fuel cell vehicle . More efficient than a gas-electric hybrid vehicle , the FCX Clarity combines hydrogen and oxygen from ordinary air to generate electricity for an electric motor. In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Honda FCX Clarity for the 2015 model. [89]

The vehicle itself does not emit any pollutants and its only by products are heat and water. The FCX Clarity also has an advantage over gas-electric hybrids in that it does not use an internal combustion engine to propel itself. Like a gas-electric hybrid, it uses a lithium ion battery to assist the fuel cell during acceleration and capture energy through regenerative braking , thus improving fuel efficiency. The lack of hydrogen filling stations throughout developed countries will keep production volumes low. [90] Honda will release the vehicle in groups of 150. California is the only U.S. market with infrastructure for fueling such a vehicle, though the number of stations is still limited. Building more stations is expensive, as the California Air Resources Board (CARB) granted $6.8 million for four H2 fueling stations, costing $1.7 million USD each. [91] [92]

Honda views hydrogen fuel cell vehicles as the long term replacement of piston cars, not battery cars. [93]

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Honda Fit EV   concept unveiled at the 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show .

The all-electric   Honda EV Plus was introduced in 1997 as a result of CARB ’s zero-emissions vehicle mandate and was available only for leasing in California. The EV plus was the first battery electric vehicle from a major automaker with non- lead–acid batteries The EV Plus had an all-electric range of 100 mi (160 km). Around 276 units were sold in the U.S. and production ended in 1999. [94] [95]

The all-electric Honda Fit EV was introduced in 2012 and has a range of 82 mi (132 km). [96] The all-electric car was launched in the U.S. to retail customers in July 2012 with initial availability limited to California and Oregon. [97] Production is limited to only 1,100 units over the first three years. A total of 1,007 units have been leased in the U.S. through September 2014. [98] [99] [100] The Fit EV was released in Japan through leasing to local government and corporate customers in August 2012. Availability in the Japanese market is limited to 200 units during its first two years. [101] In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Fit EV for the 2015 model. [89]

The Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid was introduced in 2013 and has an all-electric range of 13 mi (21 km) [102] Sales began in the U.S. in January 2013 and the plug-in hybrid is available only in California and New York. [103] A total of 835 units have been sold in the U.S. through September 2014. [98] [99] [100] The Accord PHEV was introduced in Japan in June 2013 and is available only for leasing, primarily to corporations and government agencies. [104]

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Honda Clio ( Saitama , Japan)

Starting in 1978, Honda in Japan decided to diversify its sales distribution channels, and created Honda Verno , which sold established products with a higher content of standard equipment and a more sporting nature. [105] [106] The establishment of Honda Verno coincided with its new sports compact, called the Honda Prelude . Later, the Honda Vigor , the Honda Ballade , and the Honda Quint were added to Honda Verno stores. This approach was implemented due to efforts in place by rival Japanese automakers Toyota and Nissan .

Honda Primo ( Osaka )

As sales progressed, Honda created two more sales channels, called Honda Clio in 1984, and Honda Primo in 1985. The Honda Clio chain sold products that were traditionally associated with Honda dealerships before 1978, like the Honda Accord , and Honda Primo sold the Honda Civic , kei cars , such as the Honda Today , superminis like the Honda Capa , along with other Honda products, such as farm equipment, lawn mowers, portable generators, marine equipment, plus motorcycles and scooters like the Honda Super Cub . A styling tradition was established when Honda Primo and Clio began operations, in that all Verno products had the rear license plate installed in the rear bumper, while Primo and Clio products had the rear license plate installed on the trunk lid or rear door for minivans.

Honda Verno (2008)

As time progressed and sales began to diminish partly due to the collapse of the Japanese “ bubble economy ”, “supermini” and “kei” vehicles that were specific to Honda Primo were “ badge engineered ” and sold at the other two sales channels, thereby providing smaller vehicles that sold better at both Honda Verno and Honda Clio locations. As of March 2006, the three sales chains were discontinued, with the establishment of Honda Cars dealerships. [107] While the network was disbanded, some Japanese Honda dealerships still use the network names, offering all Japanese market Honda cars at all locations.

Honda Wing motorcycle dealership (Japan)

Honda sells genuine accessories through a separate retail chain called Honda Access for both their motorcycle, scooter and automobile products. In cooperation with corporate “ keiretsu ” partner Pioneer , Honda sells an aftermarket line of audio and in-car navigation equipment that can be installed in any vehicle under the brand name Gathers , which is available at Honda Access locations as well as Japanese auto parts retailers, such as Autobacs . Buyers of used vehicles are directed to a specific Honda retail chain that sells only used vehicles called Honda Auto Terrace .

In the spring of 2012, Honda in Japan introduced Honda Cars Small Store (Japanese) which is devoted to compact cars like the Honda Fit , and kei vehicles like the Honda N-One and Honda S660 roadster.

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All cars sold at Honda Verno

Prelude , Integra , CR-X , Vigor , Saber , Ballade , Quint , Crossroad , Element , NSX , HR-V , Mobilio Spike , S2000 , CR-V , That’s , MDX , Rafaga , Capa , and the Torneo

All cars sold at Honda Clio

Accord , Legend , Inspire , Avancier , S-MX , Lagreat , Stepwgn , Elysion , Stream , Odyssey (int’l) , Domani , Concerto , Accord Tourer , Logo , Fit , Insight , That’s , Mobilio , and the City

All cars sold at Honda Primo

Civic , Life , Acty , Vamos , Hobio , Ascot , Ascot Innova , Torneo , Civic Ferio , Freed , Mobilio , Orthia , Capa , Today , Z , and the Beat

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A Honda dealership in Ontario, Canada

In 2003, Honda released its Cog advertisement in the UK and on the Internet. To make the ad, the engineers at Honda constructed a Rube Goldberg Machine made entirely out of car parts from a Honda Accord Touring . To the chagrin of the engineers at Honda, all the parts were taken from two of only six hand-assembled pre-production models of the Accord. The advertisement depicted a single cog which sets off a chain of events that ends with the Honda Accord moving and Garrison Keillor speaking the tagline, “Isn’t it nice when things just... work?” It took 606 takes to get it perfect. [108]

In 2004, they produced the Grrr advert, usually immediately followed by a shortened version of the 2005 Impossible Dream advert.

In December 2005, Honda released The Impossible Dream a two-minute panoramic advertisement filmed in New Zealand, Japan and Argentina which illustrates the founder’s dream to build performance vehicles. While singing the song “ Impossible Dream ”, a man reaches for his racing helmet, leaves his trailer on a minibike, then rides a succession of vintage Honda vehicles: a motorcycle, then a car, then a powerboat, then goes over a waterfall only to reappear piloting a hot air balloon , with Garrison Keillor saying “I couldn’t have put it better myself” as the song ends. The song is from the 1960s musical Man Of La Mancha , sung by Andy Williams .

In 2006, Honda released its Choir advertisement, for the UK and the internet. This had a 60-person choir who sang the car noises as film of the Honda Civic are shown.

In the mid to late 2000s in the United States, during model close-out sales for the current year before the start of the new model year , Honda’s advertising has had an animated character known simply as Mr. Opportunity , voiced by Rob Paulsen . The casual looking man talked about various deals offered by Honda and ended with the phrase “I’m Mr. Opportunity, and I’m knockin’”, followed by him “knocking” on the television screen or “thumping” the speaker at the end of radio ads. In addition, commercials for Honda’s international hatchback, the Jazz, are parodies of well-known pop culture images such as Tetris and Thomas The Tank Engine .

In late 2006, Honda released an ad with ASIMO exploring a museum, looking at the exhibits with almost childlike wonderment (spreading out its arms in the aerospace exhibit, waving hello to an astronaut suit that resembles him, etc.), while Garrison Keillor ruminates on progress. It concludes with the tagline: “More forwards please”.

Honda also sponsored ITV’s coverage of Formula One in the UK for 2007. However they had announced that they would not continue in 2008 due to the sponsorship price requested by ITV being too high.

In May 2007, focuses on their strengths in racing and the use of the Red H badge – a symbol of what is termed as “Hondamentalism”. The campaign highlights the lengths that Honda engineers go to in order to get the most out of an engine, whether it is for bikes, cars, powerboats – even lawnmowers. Honda released its Hondamentalism campaign. In the TV spot, Garrison Keillor says, “An engineer once said to build something great is like swimming in honey”, while Honda engineers in white suits walk and run towards a great light, battling strong winds and flying debris, holding on to anything that will keep them from being blown away. Finally one of the engineers walks towards a red light, his hand outstretched. A web address is shown for the Hondamentalism website. The digital campaign aims to show how visitors to the site share many of the Hondamentalist characteristics.

At the beginning of 2008, Honda released – the Problem Playground . The advert outlines Honda’s environmental responsibility, demonstrating a hybrid engine, more efficient solar panels and the FCX Clarity , a hydrogen powered car. The 90 second advert has large scale puzzles, involving Rubik’s Cubes , large shapes and a 3-dimensional puzzle.

On 29 May 2008, Honda, in partnership with Channel 4 , broadcast a live advertisement. It showed skydivers jumping from an aeroplane over Spain and forming the letters H, O, N, D and A in mid-air. This live advertisement is generally agreed to be the first of its kind on British television. The advert lasted three minutes. [109]

In 2009, American Honda released the Dream the Impossible documentary series, a collection of 5–8 minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: The Secret to Success , Kick Out the Ladder and Mobility 2088 . They have Honda employees as well as Danica Patrick , Christopher Guest , Ben Bova , Chee Pearlman, Joe Johnston and Orson Scott Card . The film series plays at dreams.honda.com.

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In Australia, Honda advertised heavily during most motor racing telecasts, and was the official sponsor of the 2006 FIA Formula 1 telecast on broadcaster channel “Ten”. In fact, it was the only manufacturer involved in the 2006 Indy Racing League season. In a series of adverts promoting the history of Honda’s racing heritage, Honda claimed it “built” cars that won 72 Formula 1 Grand Prix. Skeptics [ who? ] have accused Honda of interpreting its racing history rather liberally, saying that virtually all of the 72 victories were achieved by Honda powered (engined) machines, whereas the cars themselves were designed and built by Lotus F1, Williams F1, and McLaren F1 teams, respectively. However, former and current staff of the McLaren F1 team have reiterated that Honda contributed more than just engines and provided various chassis, tooling, and aerodynamic parts as well as funding. [ citation needed ]

The late F1 driver Ayrton Senna stated that Honda probably played the most significant role in his three world championships. He had immense respect for founder, Soichiro Honda, and had a good relationship with Nobuhiko Kawamoto, the chairman of Honda at that time. Senna once called Honda “the greatest company in the world”. [ citation needed ]

As part of its marketing campaign, Honda is an official partner and sponsor of the National Hockey League , the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL, and the arena named after it: Honda Center . Honda also sponsors The Honda Classic golf tournament and is a sponsor of Major League Soccer . The “ Honda Player of the Year ” award is presented in United States soccer. The “ Honda Sports Award ” is given to the best female athlete in each of twelve college sports in the United States. One of the twelve Honda Sports Award winners is chosen to receive the Honda-Broderick Cup , as “Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year.”

Honda will be sponsoring La Liga club Valencia CF starting from 2014–15 season . Valencia CF will carry Honda Cars Valencia insignia on their football kits. [ citation needed ]

Honda has been a presenting sponsor of the Los Angeles Marathon since 2010 in a three-year sponsorship deal, with winners of the LA Marathon receiving a free Honda Accord . Since 1989, the Honda Campus All-Star Challenge has been a quizbowl tournament for Historically black colleges and universities .

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Main article: List of Honda facilities

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See also: List of Honda motorcycles and List of Honda automobiles

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Japanese Car portal Tokyo portal Companies portal

Comparison of Honda water-pumps

Honda advanced technology

Honda Airport

Honda Battle of the Bands

Honda F.C. (Football (soccer) club)

Honda Heat (Rugby union club)

Honda Type R

List of Honda assembly plants

List of Honda transmissions

Internavi

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[ dubious – discuss ] Jump up^   “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2006" (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08 for flex-fuel sales and Table 07 for gasoline sales . Jump up^   “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2007" (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08 . Jump up^   “Tabela 08 – Vendas Atacado Mercado Interno por Tipo e Empresa – Combustível Flex Fuel – 2008" (PDF) (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Retrieved 16 April 2009. See Table 08 . Jump up^   “Autoveículos – Produção em 2009" (in Portuguese). ANFAVEA – Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brazil). Retrieved 16 April 2009. Up to February 2009. See “Produção por Tipo, Empresa e Combustível “ Tables 6 (gasoline) and 7 (flex-fuel). All gasoline vehicles were exported (see Table 01 Exportação de Autoveículos por Empresa, Tipo e Modelo – 2009) . Jump up^   “Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo” (in Portuguese). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 11 March 2003. Jump up^ Agencia EFE (11 March 2003). “Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil” (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved11 March 2003. Jump up^   “Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo” (in Portuguese). UNICA. 11 March 2003. Retrieved 11 March 2003. ^ Jump up to:a   b   c Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). “Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability”. Oxford University Press , New York: 28, 64–65, and 168–168. ISBN   978-0-19-537664-7 . ^ Jump up to:a   b   c Jerry Garrett (27 August 2006). “The Once and Future Mileage King” . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to:a   b   c   d Honda Press Release (2012-10-15). “Cumulative worldwide sales of Honda hybrids passes 1 million units” . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2012-10-16. Jump up^   “Honda Insight: America’s most affordable hybrid at $19,800" . Honda . Motor Authority. 10 March 2009. Retrieved21 March 2009. Jump up^   “Honda CR-Z Hybrid Now On Sale in Japan; Targeting 1,000 Units Per Month” . Green Car Congress . 27 February 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2010. Jump up^ Yoshio Takahashi (2 February 2011). “Honda Exports From Japan Unlikely To Decline Soon” . Dow Jones newswire. Jump up^ Eric Loveday (8 October 2010). “Honda prices 2011 Fit Hybrid at $19,310; cheapest gas-electric in Japan” . Autoblog Green. Jump up^ Williams, Stephen (2010-08-25). “Honda Jazz Hybrid Will Get Paris Premiere” . New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-26. ^ Jump up to:a   b Roger Schreffler (2014-07-14). “Toyota Strengthens Grip on Japan EV, Hybrid Market” . Ward’s AutoWorld . Retrieved2014-04-30. Honda sold 187,851 hybrids in 2013 . ^ Jump up to:a   b Roger Schreffler (2014-08-20). “Toyota Remains Unchallenged Global Hybrid Leader” . Ward’s AutoWorld . Retrieved 2014-10-04. Honda sold 158,696 hybrids during the first six months of 2014 . ^ Jump up to:a   b John Voelcker (2014-07-29). “Honda Ends Three Green Models For 2015: Insight, Fit EV, FCX Clarity” . Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-08-20. Jump up^ Fackler, Martin (17 June 2008). “Latest Honda Runs on Hydrogen, Not Petroleum” . New York Times . Retrieved17 June 2008. Jump up^ Clive Thompson (16 April 2009). “Batteries Not Included” . New York Times . Retrieved 19 April 2009. Jump up^ Blanco, Sebastian (16 April 2009). “CARB grants $6.8 million for four hydrogen refueling stations” . Autobloggreen. Retrieved17 June 2009. [ dubious – discuss ] Jump up^   http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/honda-says-petrol-engines-will-go-extinct-hydrogen-motorings-holy-grail-1582396 Jump up^ Dixon, Lloyd; Isaac Porche; Jonathan Kulick (2002). Driving Emissions to Zero: Are the Benefits of California’s Zero Emission Vehicle Program Worth the Costs? (PDF). Rand Corporation . ISBN   0-8330-3212-7 . Retrieved 2010-04-04. See Appendix E: Table E.1, pp. 124 Jump up^   Sherry Boschert (2006). Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America . New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. ISBN   978-0-86571-571-4 . Jump up^ Honda Media Room (2012-06-06). “2013 Honda Fit EV receives EPA fuel economy rating of 118 MPGe; highest yet” . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2012-06-06. Jump up^ Zach McDonald (2012-07-20). “Honda Registers First Fit EV Delivery” . Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2012-07-21. ^ Jump up to:a   b Jeff Cobb (2013-01-08). “December 2012 Dashboard” . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-02-09. See the section: December 2012 Plug-in Electric Car Sales Numbers ^ Jump up to:a   b Cole, Jay (2014-01-06). “December 2013 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card” . InsideEvs.com . Retrieved2014-01-07. ^ Jump up to:a   b Jay Cole (2014-10-01). “September 2014 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card” . InsideEVs.com. Retrieved2014-10-01. Jump up^ Honda News (2012-08-31). “Honda begins lease sales of Fit EV in Japan” . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2012-09-11. Jump up^ Antony Ingram (2012-11-30). “2014 Honda Accord Plug-In Hybrid Priced Sub-$41K, 115 MPGe” . Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2012-11-30. Jump up^ Pete Brissette (2013-01-21). “2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid Now Available in Calif. And New York” . HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2013-01-21. Jump up^ Honda News (2013-06-21). “Honda introduces Accord hybrid and plug-in in Japan; hybrid in US in October” . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2014-02-22. Jump up^   Honda Honda 20051214 Jump up^   HondaHonda Honda Jump up^   “Honda Timeline” . World.honda.com. Retrieved 10 January2012. Jump up^   “Lights! Camera! Retake!” . Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 April 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2008. Jump up^ Mark Sweney (2 June 2008). “Plane used in Honda skydiving ad crashes in Spain, Media” . The Guardian . UK. Retrieved27 September 2010. Jump up^   “2012 Digital FactBook” (PDF). Honda. September 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2014. ^ Jump up to:a   b   American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales ^ Jump up to:a   b   “Honda Media Newsroom – Headlines – American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent” . Hondanews.com. Retrieved21 August 2011. ^ Jump up to:a   b   “2012 Honda SALES & PRODUCTION RESULTS” . Jump up^   “Honda Sets All-Time December Sales Record to Earn 2nd Best Annual Sales Total for American Honda; Acura Light Trucks Post Best Year in Brand History” (Press release). Hondanews.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014. Jump up^   http://hondanews.com/releases/american-honda-sets-new-all-time-annual-sales-record ^ Jump up to:a   b   “2010 Honda SALES & PRODUCTION RESULTS” . ^ Jump up to:a   b   “2012 Honda SALES & PRODUCTION RESULTS” .

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“Move Over, Volvo: Honda Sets New Safety Standard for Itself”, an article in the “News” section of the March 2004 issue of Motor Trend , on page 32

“Annual Reports” . Investor Relations . Honda Motor Co.

The story of Honda’s entry and growth in the American market is documented in Terry Sanders ’ film The Japan Project: Made in Japan . Honda

Honda’s Midlife Crisis: Honda’s slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)

Honda’s Corporate History

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Honda Worldwide site

Honda Press Library (Japanese, but with graphical timelines of car and bike models)

Honda Automobiles at DMOZ

Honda Motorcycles at DMOZ

“Company history books (Shashi)“ . Shashi Interest Group. April 2016. Wiki collection of bibliographic works on Honda

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FSI - alcohol enthusiast with a car problem > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 11:57

1

5

Matt Nichelson > not for canada - australian in disguise 10/17/2016 at 11:59

2

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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For other uses, see Brother (disambiguation) .

Bro is a male youth subculture of “conventional guys’ guys” who spend time partying in ways similar to each other. Although the popular image of bro lifestyle is associated with sports apparel and fraternities, it lacks a consistent definition. Some aspects vary regionally such as in California where it overlaps with surf culture . [1] Oxford Dictionaries have noted that bros frequently self-identify with neologisms containing the word “bro” as a prefix or suffix.

Contents [ hide ] 1 Etymology and history 2 Identity 3 See also 4 References

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Bro was originally an abbreviated form of “brother” but began to assume non-familial connotations in the 20th century. [2] In this evolution, it was first used to refer to another man, such as a “guy” or “fellow”, or sometimes, specifically, a black man. In these ways, it was semantically similar to the use of “brother”. In the 1970s, bro came to refer to a male friend rather than just another man. The word became associated with young men, “conventional guys’ guys” who spend time partying in ways similar to each other. Oxford Dictionaries identified the use of the term “bro” as the one “defining feature” of the changing cultural attributes of young manhood. [2]

The applications of bro subculture correlate with neologisms that include the word. The word is used as a modifier for compound terms such as “ brogrammer ” and “curlbro”. [2] The word brah is used similarly, and is sometimes combined as “bro-brahs”. Oxford Dictionaries wrote that the term “lends itself” to compounding and blending, with combinations such as “bro-hug” and “bro-step” and portmanteaux such as “bro-down”, “ bromance ”, and “brohemian”. This creation of neologisms was called “portmanbros” by 2009. Oxford Dictionaries compared this trend to man- prefixes (e.g., man cave , mansplaining , manscaping ) but noted that the bro portmanteaux subset refers to a smaller portion of masculinity. Oxford Dictionaries also noted that many of the terms were “stunt coinages” with little hope of widespread adoption. However, the term “bromance”, whose first usage was recorded in a 2001 issue of TransWorld Surf , entered the Oxford English Dictionary . The term “bro-hug” was used at least eight times in The New York Times between 2010 and 2013 and “brogrammer” once became the center of Silicon Valley gender conversations. In comparison to the “hipster” modifier, Oxford Dictionaries called the “bro” modifier more playful, and responsible for making the subculture “ripe for (often self-inflicted) mockery”. [2]

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Fraternity brothers are commonly associated with bro subculture

Oxford Dictionaries identifies bros metonymously as those who themselves use the word to refer to others, such as in the example of “ don't tase me, bro ”, in which the taser is not a bro, but the tased is. [2] The subculture is not defined consistently or concretely, [2] but refers to a type of “fratty masculinity”, [3] predominantly “if not exclusively” white, [2] associated with frayed-brim baseball hats , oxford shirts , sports team T-shirts, cargo shorts , and boat shoes or sandals . [3] NPR also noted that bros could include people of color and women, though that is not the popular conception of bro subculture. [3] Oxford Dictionaries recognized Barney Stinson ‘s character on the sitcom How I Met Your Mother as “the quintessence of a certain iteration of the contemporary bro” and noted how his language uses the word liberally. [2] A survey from NPR’s Codeswitch blog named popular figures such as Matthew McConaughey , Brody Jenner , Joe Rogan , Dane Cook , and John Mayer as representative of bro subculture, with Ryan Lochte as their “platonic ideal of bro-dom”. [3]

The wide-ranging iterations of bro include “ twenty-something investment bankers “, fraternity brothers in flannel shirts , and “laconic surfers “. NPR identified four types of bros: dudely, jockish, preppy, and stoner-ish. [2] In their description, dudely bros form close and homosocial friendships in a group of bros, jockish bros are defined by ability at team sports tempered by interest in alcohol, preppy bros wear “conservatively casual” clothes as the Abercrombie and Fitch sons of Brooks Brothers men and flaunt “ social privilege ”, and stoner-ish bros may not get high but speak relaxedly and exude the air of surfers. [3]

Lax bro subculture is defined as a laid-back (“chill”) lifestyle associated with the lacrosse field sport. The bounds of the subculture are loose, but its character traits include “understated confidence that critics call arrogance”, long hair (known as “lettuce”), colorful board shorts , flat-brim baseball hats, and colorful half-calf socks. The bands O.A.R. , Dispatch , and Dave Matthews Band are associated with lax bros. Typical lax bro “attitude and style” are common in middle schools and universities according to a 2012 report in The Boston Globe . Enthusiasts praise the subculture’s “sense of identity” and popularization of a sport indigenous to America, while detractors take issue with the “preppie/frat boy image that glories elitism and wealth, and values flash over hard work”. [4]

Southern California or “ 909'er ” bro subculture is associated with a motocross , cannabis -smoking, and partying lifestyle. Many are listeners of Kottonmouth Kings , Insane Clown Posse , and Good Charlotte - confirming their relationship to the heavily related Juggalos . Their fashion is known for its flat-billed hats with bandanas underneath, Dickies , fat-tongued skate shoes, and wearing motocross lifestyle brands such as Metal Mulisha , Famous Stars and Straps , Skin Industries, and Affliction. [5]

In 2013, former Microsoft game designer Daniel Cook wrote that the company was responsible for developing the bro subculture within video gaming, explaining that the “ Xbox put machismo, ultra-violence and chimpboys with backwards caps in the spotlight. [...] Gamers were handed a pre-packaged group identity via the propaganda machine of a mega corporation.” Cook writes that Microsoft has done this in order to distance the Xbox from its console competitors, which were portrayed as “kids platform[s]”. [6]

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Culture portal Society portal Sports portal

Lad culture

Bro Code

Broforce – a video game based on hypermasculine action hero commandos

Fratire

Bernie Bro

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Jump up ^ Rutherford, Madison (2014-08-04). “CM’s Top 10 Schools for Bros 2014" . College Magazine. Retrieved 2015-03-08. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Martin, Katherine Connor (October 9, 2013). “The rise of the portmanbro” . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Demby, Gene (June 21, 2013). “Jeah! We Mapped Out The 4 Basic Aspects Of Being A ‘Bro’” . NPR . Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. Jump up ^ McKim, Jenifer B. (June 5, 2012). “Scoring style points” . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014. Jump up ^ “WHAT IS A BRO?” . 2012. Jump up ^ Maguire, Matt (April 8, 2013). “Xbox responsible for bro subculture, derivative games – former MS dev” . Gameplanet . Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved April 5, 2014.

Retrieved from “ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bro_(subculture)&oldid=744612630 ”

Categories : Fraternities Lacrosse Masculinity Subcultures Youth culture

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TheHondaBro > FSI - alcohol enthusiast with a car problem 10/17/2016 at 12:04

1

FSI - alcohol enthusiast with a car problem > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 12:16

1

broayyfrfrwfamon pointvapehonda bruhbrobrehbruh1 larryI bims dasayyyyy check out my new mixtape#squaddgoals

unclevanos (Ovaltine Jenkins) > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 12:57

0

No - Arch Duke

Roadster Man > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 13:00

0

Correct.

S65 > TheHondaBro 10/17/2016 at 14:27

0

Um, is this you?

TheHondaBro > S65 10/17/2016 at 15:48

0